625 lines
38 KiB
Text
625 lines
38 KiB
Text
Notes on the Free Translation Project
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*************************************
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Free software is going international! The Free Translation Project
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is a way to get maintainers of free software, translators, and users all
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together, so that will gradually become able to speak many languages.
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A few packages already provide translations for their messages.
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If you found this `ABOUT-NLS' file inside a distribution, you may
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assume that the distributed package does use GNU `gettext' internally,
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itself available at your nearest GNU archive site. But you do _not_
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need to install GNU `gettext' prior to configuring, installing or using
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this package with messages translated.
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Installers will find here some useful hints. These notes also
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explain how users should proceed for getting the programs to use the
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available translations. They tell how people wanting to contribute and
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work at translations should contact the appropriate team.
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When reporting bugs in the `intl/' directory or bugs which may be
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related to internationalization, you should tell about the version of
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`gettext' which is used. The information can be found in the
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`intl/VERSION' file, in internationalized packages.
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Quick configuration advice
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==========================
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If you want to exploit the full power of internationalization, you
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should configure it using
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./configure --with-included-gettext
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to force usage of internationalizing routines provided within this
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package, despite the existence of internationalizing capabilities in the
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operating system where this package is being installed. So far, only
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the `gettext' implementation in the GNU C library version 2 provides as
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many features (such as locale alias, message inheritance, automatic
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charset conversion or plural form handling) as the implementation here.
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It is also not possible to offer this additional functionality on top
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of a `catgets' implementation. Future versions of GNU `gettext' will
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very likely convey even more functionality. So it might be a good idea
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to change to GNU `gettext' as soon as possible.
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So you need _not_ provide this option if you are using GNU libc 2 or
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you have installed a recent copy of the GNU gettext package with the
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included `libintl'.
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INSTALL Matters
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===============
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Some packages are "localizable" when properly installed; the
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programs they contain can be made to speak your own native language.
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Most such packages use GNU `gettext'. Other packages have their own
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ways to internationalization, predating GNU `gettext'.
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By default, this package will be installed to allow translation of
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messages. It will automatically detect whether the system already
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provides the GNU `gettext' functions. If not, the GNU `gettext' own
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library will be used. This library is wholly contained within this
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package, usually in the `intl/' subdirectory, so prior installation of
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the GNU `gettext' package is _not_ required. Installers may use
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special options at configuration time for changing the default
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behaviour. The commands:
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./configure --with-included-gettext
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./configure --disable-nls
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will respectively bypass any pre-existing `gettext' to use the
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internationalizing routines provided within this package, or else,
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_totally_ disable translation of messages.
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When you already have GNU `gettext' installed on your system and run
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configure without an option for your new package, `configure' will
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probably detect the previously built and installed `libintl.a' file and
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will decide to use this. This might be not what is desirable. You
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should use the more recent version of the GNU `gettext' library. I.e.
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if the file `intl/VERSION' shows that the library which comes with this
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package is more recent, you should use
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./configure --with-included-gettext
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to prevent auto-detection.
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The configuration process will not test for the `catgets' function
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and therefore it will not be used. The reason is that even an
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emulation of `gettext' on top of `catgets' could not provide all the
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extensions of the GNU `gettext' library.
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Internationalized packages have usually many `po/LL.po' files, where
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LL gives an ISO 639 two-letter code identifying the language. Unless
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translations have been forbidden at `configure' time by using the
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`--disable-nls' switch, all available translations are installed
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together with the package. However, the environment variable `LINGUAS'
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may be set, prior to configuration, to limit the installed set.
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`LINGUAS' should then contain a space separated list of two-letter
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codes, stating which languages are allowed.
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Using This Package
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==================
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As a user, if your language has been installed for this package, you
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only have to set the `LANG' environment variable to the appropriate
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`LL_CC' combination. Here `LL' is an ISO 639 two-letter language code,
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and `CC' is an ISO 3166 two-letter country code. For example, let's
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suppose that you speak German and live in Germany. At the shell
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prompt, merely execute `setenv LANG de_DE' (in `csh'),
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`export LANG; LANG=de_DE' (in `sh') or `export LANG=de_DE' (in `bash').
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This can be done from your `.login' or `.profile' file, once and for
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all.
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You might think that the country code specification is redundant.
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But in fact, some languages have dialects in different countries. For
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example, `de_AT' is used for Austria, and `pt_BR' for Brazil. The
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country code serves to distinguish the dialects.
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The locale naming convention of `LL_CC', with `LL' denoting the
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language and `CC' denoting the country, is the one use on systems based
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on GNU libc. On other systems, some variations of this scheme are
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used, such as `LL' or `LL_CC.ENCODING'. You can get the list of
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locales supported by your system for your country by running the command
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`locale -a | grep '^LL''.
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Not all programs have translations for all languages. By default, an
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English message is shown in place of a nonexistent translation. If you
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understand other languages, you can set up a priority list of languages.
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This is done through a different environment variable, called
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`LANGUAGE'. GNU `gettext' gives preference to `LANGUAGE' over `LANG'
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for the purpose of message handling, but you still need to have `LANG'
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set to the primary language; this is required by other parts of the
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system libraries. For example, some Swedish users who would rather
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read translations in German than English for when Swedish is not
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available, set `LANGUAGE' to `sv:de' while leaving `LANG' to `sv_SE'.
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In the `LANGUAGE' environment variable, but not in the `LANG'
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environment variable, `LL_CC' combinations can be abbreviated as `LL'
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to denote the language's main dialect. For example, `de' is equivalent
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to `de_DE' (German as spoken in Germany), and `pt' to `pt_PT'
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(Portuguese as spoken in Portugal) in this context.
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Translating Teams
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=================
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For the Free Translation Project to be a success, we need interested
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people who like their own language and write it well, and who are also
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able to synergize with other translators speaking the same language.
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Each translation team has its own mailing list. The up-to-date list of
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teams can be found at the Free Translation Project's homepage,
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`http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/HTML/', in the "National teams"
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area.
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If you'd like to volunteer to _work_ at translating messages, you
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should become a member of the translating team for your own language.
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The subscribing address is _not_ the same as the list itself, it has
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`-request' appended. For example, speakers of Swedish can send a
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message to `sv-request@li.org', having this message body:
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subscribe
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Keep in mind that team members are expected to participate
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_actively_ in translations, or at solving translational difficulties,
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rather than merely lurking around. If your team does not exist yet and
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you want to start one, or if you are unsure about what to do or how to
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get started, please write to `translation@iro.umontreal.ca' to reach the
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coordinator for all translator teams.
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The English team is special. It works at improving and uniformizing
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the terminology in use. Proven linguistic skill are praised more than
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programming skill, here.
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Available Packages
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==================
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Languages are not equally supported in all packages. The following
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matrix shows the current state of internationalization, as of May 2003.
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The matrix shows, in regard of each package, for which languages PO
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files have been submitted to translation coordination, with a
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translation percentage of at least 50%.
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Ready PO files am az be bg ca cs da de el en en_GB eo es
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+-------------------------------------------+
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a2ps | [] [] [] [] |
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aegis | () |
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anubis | |
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ap-utils | |
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bash | [] [] [] |
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batchelor | |
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bfd | [] [] |
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binutils | [] [] |
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bison | [] [] [] |
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bluez-pin | [] [] |
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clisp | |
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clisp | [] [] [] |
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coreutils | [] [] [] [] |
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cpio | [] [] [] |
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darkstat | () [] |
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diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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e2fsprogs | [] [] |
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enscript | [] [] [] [] |
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error | [] [] [] [] [] |
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fetchmail | [] () [] [] [] [] |
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fileutils | [] [] [] |
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findutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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flex | [] [] [] [] |
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gas | [] |
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gawk | [] [] [] [] |
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gcal | [] |
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gcc | [] [] |
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gettext | [] [] [] [] [] |
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gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] |
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gettext-tools | [] [] |
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gimp-print | [] [] [] [] [] |
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gliv | |
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glunarclock | [] [] [] |
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gnucash | () [] |
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gnucash-glossary | [] () [] |
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gnupg | [] () [] [] [] [] |
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gpe-calendar | [] |
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gpe-conf | [] |
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gpe-contacts | [] |
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gpe-edit | |
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gpe-login | [] |
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gpe-ownerinfo | [] |
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gpe-sketchbook | [] |
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gpe-timesheet | |
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gpe-today | [] |
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gpe-todo | [] |
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gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] |
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gprof | [] [] |
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gpsdrive | () () () |
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grep | [] [] [] [] [] |
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gretl | [] |
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hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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id-utils | [] [] |
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indent | [] [] [] [] |
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jpilot | [] [] [] [] |
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jwhois | [] |
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kbd | [] [] [] [] [] |
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ld | [] [] |
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libc | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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libgpewidget | [] |
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libiconv | [] [] [] [] [] |
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lifelines | [] () |
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lilypond | [] |
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lingoteach | |
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lingoteach_lessons | () () |
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lynx | [] [] [] [] |
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m4 | [] [] [] [] |
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mailutils | [] [] |
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make | [] [] [] |
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man-db | [] () [] [] () |
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mysecretdiary | [] [] [] |
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nano | [] () [] [] [] |
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nano_1_0 | [] () [] [] [] |
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opcodes | [] [] |
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parted | [] [] [] [] [] |
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ptx | [] [] [] [] [] |
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python | |
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radius | |
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recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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screem | |
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sed | [] [] [] [] [] |
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sh-utils | [] [] [] |
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sharutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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sketch | [] () [] |
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soundtracker | [] [] [] |
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sp | [] |
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tar | [] [] [] [] |
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texinfo | [] [] [] [] |
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textutils | [] [] [] [] |
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tin | () () |
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util-linux | [] [] [] [] [] |
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vorbis-tools | [] [] [] |
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wastesedge | () |
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wdiff | [] [] [] [] |
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wget | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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xchat | [] [] [] |
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xpad | |
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+-------------------------------------------+
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am az be bg ca cs da de el en en_GB eo es
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0 1 4 2 31 17 54 60 14 1 4 12 56
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et fa fi fr ga gl he hr hu id it ja ko
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+----------------------------------------+
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a2ps | [] [] [] () () |
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aegis | |
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anubis | [] |
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ap-utils | [] |
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bash | [] [] |
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batchelor | [] |
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bfd | [] [] |
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binutils | [] [] |
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bison | [] [] [] [] |
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bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] |
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clisp | |
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clisp | [] |
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coreutils | [] [] [] [] |
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cpio | [] [] [] [] |
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darkstat | () [] [] [] |
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diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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e2fsprogs | |
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enscript | [] [] |
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error | [] [] [] [] |
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fetchmail | [] |
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fileutils | [] [] [] [] [] |
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findutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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flex | [] [] |
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gas | [] |
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gawk | [] [] |
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gcal | [] |
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gcc | [] |
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gettext | [] [] [] |
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gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] |
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gettext-tools | [] |
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gimp-print | [] [] |
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gliv | () |
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glunarclock | [] [] [] [] |
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gnucash | [] |
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gnucash-glossary | [] |
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gnupg | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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gpe-calendar | [] |
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gpe-conf | |
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gpe-contacts | [] |
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gpe-edit | [] [] |
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gpe-login | [] |
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gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] |
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gpe-sketchbook | [] |
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gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] |
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gpe-today | [] [] |
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gpe-todo | [] [] |
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gphoto2 | [] [] [] |
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gprof | [] [] |
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gpsdrive | () [] () () |
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grep | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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gretl | [] |
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hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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id-utils | [] [] [] |
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|
indent | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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jpilot | [] () |
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|
jwhois | [] [] [] [] |
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|
kbd | [] |
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ld | [] |
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libc | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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libgpewidget | [] [] [] |
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|
libiconv | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
|
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lifelines | () |
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lilypond | [] |
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|
lingoteach | [] [] |
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lingoteach_lessons | |
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lynx | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
m4 | [] [] [] [] |
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|
mailutils | |
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|
make | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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|
man-db | [] () () |
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|
mysecretdiary | [] [] |
|
|
nano | [] [] [] [] |
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|
nano_1_0 | [] [] [] [] |
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|
opcodes | [] [] |
|
|
parted | [] [] [] |
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|
ptx | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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|
python | |
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|
radius | |
|
|
recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
|
|
screem | |
|
|
sed | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
|
|
sh-utils | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
|
|
sharutils | [] [] [] [] [] |
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sketch | [] |
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soundtracker | [] [] [] |
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|
sp | [] () |
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tar | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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texinfo | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
textutils | [] [] [] [] [] |
|
|
tin | [] () |
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util-linux | [] [] [] [] () [] |
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vorbis-tools | [] |
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wastesedge | () |
|
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wdiff | [] [] [] [] [] |
|
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wget | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
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xchat | [] [] [] |
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xpad | |
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+----------------------------------------+
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et fa fi fr ga gl he hr hu id it ja ko
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20 1 15 73 14 24 8 10 30 31 19 31 9
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lg lt lv ms nb nl nn no pl pt pt_BR ro
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+----------------------------------------+
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a2ps | [] [] () () () [] [] |
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aegis | () |
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anubis | [] [] |
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ap-utils | () |
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bash | [] |
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|
batchelor | |
|
|
bfd | |
|
|
binutils | |
|
|
bison | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
bluez-pin | [] |
|
|
clisp | |
|
|
clisp | [] |
|
|
coreutils | [] |
|
|
cpio | [] [] [] |
|
|
darkstat | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
diffutils | [] [] [] |
|
|
e2fsprogs | |
|
|
enscript | [] [] |
|
|
error | [] [] |
|
|
fetchmail | () () |
|
|
fileutils | [] |
|
|
findutils | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
flex | [] |
|
|
gas | |
|
|
gawk | [] |
|
|
gcal | |
|
|
gcc | |
|
|
gettext | [] |
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|
gettext-runtime | [] |
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gettext-tools | |
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gimp-print | [] |
|
|
gliv | [] |
|
|
glunarclock | [] |
|
|
gnucash | |
|
|
gnucash-glossary | [] [] |
|
|
gnupg | |
|
|
gpe-calendar | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-conf | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-contacts | [] |
|
|
gpe-edit | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-login | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-sketchbook | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-timesheet | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-today | [] [] |
|
|
gpe-todo | [] [] |
|
|
gphoto2 | |
|
|
gprof | [] |
|
|
gpsdrive | () () () |
|
|
grep | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
gretl | |
|
|
hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
|
|
id-utils | [] [] [] |
|
|
indent | [] [] [] |
|
|
jpilot | () () |
|
|
jwhois | [] [] [] |
|
|
kbd | |
|
|
ld | |
|
|
libc | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
libgpewidget | [] [] |
|
|
libiconv | [] [] |
|
|
lifelines | |
|
|
lilypond | [] |
|
|
lingoteach | |
|
|
lingoteach_lessons | |
|
|
lynx | [] [] |
|
|
m4 | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
mailutils | |
|
|
make | [] [] |
|
|
man-db | [] |
|
|
mysecretdiary | [] |
|
|
nano | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
nano_1_0 | [] [] [] [] |
|
|
opcodes | [] [] [] |
|
|
parted | [] [] [] |
|
|
ptx | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] |
|
|
python | |
|
|
radius | |
|
|
recode | [] [] [] |
|
|
screem | |
|
|
sed | [] [] |
|
|
sh-utils | [] |
|
|
sharutils | [] |
|
|
sketch | [] |
|
|
soundtracker | |
|
|
sp | |
|
|
tar | [] [] [] [] [] [] |
|
|
texinfo | [] |
|
|
textutils | [] |
|
|
tin | |
|
|
util-linux | [] [] |
|
|
vorbis-tools | [] [] |
|
|
wastesedge | |
|
|
wdiff | [] [] [] [] |
|
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wget | [] [] [] |
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xchat | [] [] |
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xpad | [] |
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+----------------------------------------+
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lg lt lv ms nb nl nn no pl pt pt_BR ro
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0 0 2 11 7 26 3 4 18 15 34 34
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ru sk sl sr sv ta tr uk vi wa zh_CN zh_TW
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+-------------------------------------------+
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a2ps | [] [] [] [] [] | 16
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aegis | () | 0
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anubis | [] [] | 5
|
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ap-utils | () | 1
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bash | [] | 7
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batchelor | | 1
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bfd | [] [] [] | 7
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binutils | [] [] [] | 7
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bison | [] [] | 13
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bluez-pin | | 7
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clisp | | 0
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clisp | | 5
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coreutils | [] [] [] [] [] | 14
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cpio | [] [] [] | 13
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darkstat | [] () () | 9
|
|
diffutils | [] [] [] [] | 21
|
|
e2fsprogs | [] | 3
|
|
enscript | [] [] [] | 11
|
|
error | [] [] [] | 14
|
|
fetchmail | [] | 7
|
|
fileutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 15
|
|
findutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 27
|
|
flex | [] [] [] | 10
|
|
gas | [] | 3
|
|
gawk | [] [] | 9
|
|
gcal | [] [] | 4
|
|
gcc | [] | 4
|
|
gettext | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 15
|
|
gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 16
|
|
gettext-tools | [] [] | 5
|
|
gimp-print | [] [] | 10
|
|
gliv | | 1
|
|
glunarclock | [] [] [] | 11
|
|
gnucash | [] [] | 4
|
|
gnucash-glossary | [] [] [] | 8
|
|
gnupg | [] [] [] [] | 16
|
|
gpe-calendar | [] | 5
|
|
gpe-conf | | 3
|
|
gpe-contacts | [] | 4
|
|
gpe-edit | [] | 5
|
|
gpe-login | [] | 5
|
|
gpe-ownerinfo | [] | 7
|
|
gpe-sketchbook | [] | 5
|
|
gpe-timesheet | [] | 6
|
|
gpe-today | [] | 6
|
|
gpe-todo | [] | 6
|
|
gphoto2 | [] [] | 9
|
|
gprof | [] [] | 7
|
|
gpsdrive | [] [] | 3
|
|
grep | [] [] [] [] | 24
|
|
gretl | | 2
|
|
hello | [] [] [] [] [] | 33
|
|
id-utils | [] [] [] | 11
|
|
indent | [] [] [] [] | 19
|
|
jpilot | [] [] [] [] [] | 10
|
|
jwhois | () () [] [] | 10
|
|
kbd | [] [] | 8
|
|
ld | [] [] | 5
|
|
libc | [] [] [] [] | 20
|
|
libgpewidget | | 6
|
|
libiconv | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 21
|
|
lifelines | [] | 2
|
|
lilypond | [] | 4
|
|
lingoteach | | 2
|
|
lingoteach_lessons | () | 0
|
|
lynx | [] [] [] [] | 14
|
|
m4 | [] [] [] | 15
|
|
mailutils | | 2
|
|
make | [] [] [] [] | 15
|
|
man-db | [] | 6
|
|
mysecretdiary | [] [] | 8
|
|
nano | [] [] [] | 15
|
|
nano_1_0 | [] [] [] | 15
|
|
opcodes | [] [] | 9
|
|
parted | [] [] | 13
|
|
ptx | [] [] [] | 22
|
|
python | | 0
|
|
radius | | 0
|
|
recode | [] [] [] [] | 19
|
|
screem | [] | 1
|
|
sed | [] [] [] [] [] | 20
|
|
sh-utils | [] [] [] | 13
|
|
sharutils | [] [] [] [] | 16
|
|
sketch | [] | 5
|
|
soundtracker | [] | 7
|
|
sp | [] | 3
|
|
tar | [] [] [] [] [] | 24
|
|
texinfo | [] [] [] [] | 13
|
|
textutils | [] [] [] [] [] | 15
|
|
tin | | 1
|
|
util-linux | [] [] | 14
|
|
vorbis-tools | [] | 7
|
|
wastesedge | | 0
|
|
wdiff | [] [] [] [] | 17
|
|
wget | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 25
|
|
xchat | [] [] [] | 11
|
|
xpad | | 1
|
|
+-------------------------------------------+
|
|
50 teams ru sk sl sr sv ta tr uk vi wa zh_CN zh_TW
|
|
97 domains 32 19 16 0 56 0 48 10 1 1 12 23 913
|
|
|
|
Some counters in the preceding matrix are higher than the number of
|
|
visible blocks let us expect. This is because a few extra PO files are
|
|
used for implementing regional variants of languages, or language
|
|
dialects.
|
|
|
|
For a PO file in the matrix above to be effective, the package to
|
|
which it applies should also have been internationalized and
|
|
distributed as such by its maintainer. There might be an observable
|
|
lag between the mere existence a PO file and its wide availability in a
|
|
distribution.
|
|
|
|
If May 2003 seems to be old, you may fetch a more recent copy of
|
|
this `ABOUT-NLS' file on most GNU archive sites. The most up-to-date
|
|
matrix with full percentage details can be found at
|
|
`http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/contrib/po/HTML/matrix.html'.
|
|
|
|
Using `gettext' in new packages
|
|
===============================
|
|
|
|
If you are writing a freely available program and want to
|
|
internationalize it you are welcome to use GNU `gettext' in your
|
|
package. Of course you have to respect the GNU Library General Public
|
|
License which covers the use of the GNU `gettext' library. This means
|
|
in particular that even non-free programs can use `libintl' as a shared
|
|
library, whereas only free software can use `libintl' as a static
|
|
library or use modified versions of `libintl'.
|
|
|
|
Once the sources are changed appropriately and the setup can handle
|
|
the use of `gettext' the only thing missing are the translations. The
|
|
Free Translation Project is also available for packages which are not
|
|
developed inside the GNU project. Therefore the information given above
|
|
applies also for every other Free Software Project. Contact
|
|
`translation@iro.umontreal.ca' to make the `.pot' files available to
|
|
the translation teams.
|
|
|