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doc/FAQ
View file

@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.20, for Bash version 2.05b.
This is the Bash FAQ, version 3.27, for Bash version 3.0.
This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
A7) How can I make bash my login shell?
A8) I just changed my login shell to bash, and now I can't FTP into my
machine. Why not?
A9) What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
A9) What's the `POSIX Shell and Utilities standard'?
A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
Section B: The latest version
B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
B1) What's new in version 3.0?
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.0 and
bash-1.14.7?
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
E9) Why does the pattern matching expression [A-Z]* match files beginning
with every letter except `z'?
E10) Why does `cd //' leave $PWD as `//'?
E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
notice the change?
E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect?
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
@ -137,30 +140,29 @@ of Case Western Reserve University.
A2) What's the latest version?
The latest version is 2.05b, first made available on Wednesday, 17
July, 2002.
The latest version is 3.0, first made available on 27 July, 2004.
A3) Where can I get it?
Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
The following URLs tell how to get version 2.05b:
The following URLs tell how to get version 3.0:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-2.05b.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-3.0.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-3.0.tar.gz
Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-2.05b.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-3.0.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-3.0.tar.gz
A4) On what machines will bash run?
Bash has been ported to nearly every version of UNIX. All you
Bash has been ported to nearly every version of Unix. All you
should have to do to build it on a machine for which a port
exists is to type `configure' and then `make'. The build process
will attempt to discover the version of UNIX you have and tailor
will attempt to discover the version of Unix you have and tailor
itself accordingly, using a script created by GNU autoconf.
More information appears in the file `INSTALL' in the distribution.
@ -190,13 +192,8 @@ early GNU-Win32 (the original name) releases. Cygnus has also done a
port of bash-2.05 to the CYGWIN environment, and it is available as
part of their current release.
Bash-2.05b should require no local Cygnus changes to build and run under
CYGWIN.
The Cygnus port works only on Intel machines. There is a port of bash
(I don't know which version) to the alpha/NT environment available from
ftp://ftp.gnustep.org//pub/win32/bash-alpha-nt-1.01.tar.gz
Bash-2.05b and later versions should require no local Cygnus changes to
build and run under CYGWIN.
DJ Delorie has a port of bash-2.x which runs under MS-DOS, as part
of the DJGPP project. For more information on the project, see
@ -212,19 +209,10 @@ ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204b.zip binary
ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204d.zip documentation
ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/bsh204s.zip source
Mark has begun to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the status.
Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status.
Ports of bash-1.12 and bash-2.0 are available for OS/2 from
ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash_112.zip
ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/shell/bash-2.0(253).zip
I haven't looked at either, but the second appears to be a binary-only
distribution. Beware.
I have received word that Bash (I'm not sure which version, but I
believe that it's at least bash-2.02.1) is the standard shell on
BeOS.
Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services
for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix.
A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
@ -271,7 +259,8 @@ it is invoked as a login shell.
Next, add a line similar to the above to ~/.profile:
[ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
[ -f /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && [ -x /usr/gnu/bin/bash ] && \
exec /usr/gnu/bin/bash --login
This will cause login shells to replace themselves with bash running as
a login shell. Once you have this working, you can copy your initialization
@ -325,7 +314,7 @@ this before you can make bash your login shell.
Most versions of ftpd use this file to prohibit `special' users
such as `uucp' and `news' from using FTP.
A9) What's the `POSIX 1003.2 standard'?
A9) What's the `POSIX Shell and Utilities standard'?
POSIX is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a
family of open system standards based on UNIX. There are a
@ -335,44 +324,49 @@ call and C library level to applications and tools to system
administration and management. Each area of standardization is
assigned to a working group in the 1003 series.
The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been developed by IEEE
Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2). It concentrates on the command
interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
the command line or by other programs. An initial version of the
standard has been approved and published by the IEEE, and work is
currently underway to update it.
The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard was originally developed by
IEEE Working Group 1003.2 (POSIX.2). Today it has been merged with
the original 1003.1 Working Group and is maintained by the Austin
Group (a joint working group of the IEEE, The Open Group and
ISO/IEC SC22/WG15). Today the Shell and Utilities are a volume
within the set of documents that make up IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, and
thus now the former POSIX.2 (from 1992) is now part of the current
POSIX.1 standard (POSIX 1003.1-2001).
Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior
defined by POSIX.2. The shell command language has of course
been standardized, including the basic flow control and program
execution constructs, I/O redirection and pipelining, argument
handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
The Shell and Utilities volume concentrates on the command
interpreter interface and utility programs commonly executed from
the command line or by other programs. The standard is freely
available on the web at http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version3/ .
Work continues at the Austin Group on maintenance issues; see
http://www.opengroup.org/austin/ to join the discussions.
Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell's behavior defined
by the POSIX Shell and Utilities volume. The shell command
language has of course been standardized, including the basic flow
control and program execution constructs, I/O redirection and
pipelining, argument handling, variable expansion, and quoting.
The `special' builtins, which must be implemented as part of the
shell to provide the desired functionality, are specified as
being part of the shell; examples of these are `eval' and
`export'. Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX.2 not
`export'. Other utilities appear in the sections of POSIX not
devoted to the shell which are commonly (and in some cases must
be) implemented as builtin commands, such as `read' and `test'.
POSIX.2 also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
POSIX also specifies aspects of the shell's interactive
behavior as part of the UPE, including job control and command
line editing. Only vi-style line editing commands have been
standardized; emacs editing commands were left out due to
objections.
The Open Group has made an older version of its Single Unix
Specification (version 2), which is very similar to POSIX.2,
available on the web at
The latest version of the POSIX Shell and Utilities standard is
available (now updated to the 2004 Edition) as part of the Single
UNIX Specification Version 3 at
http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/
The Single Unix Specification, version 3, is available on the web at
http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/
http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version3/
A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
Although bash is an implementation of the POSIX.2 shell
Although bash is an implementation of the POSIX shell
specification, there are areas where the bash default behavior
differs from that spec. The bash `posix mode' changes the bash
behavior in these areas so that it obeys the spec more closely.
@ -387,18 +381,48 @@ They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
Section B: The latest version
B1) What's new in version 2.05b?
B1) What's new in version 3.0?
The raison d'etre for bash-2.05b is to make a second intermediate
release containing the first of the new features to be available
in bash-3.0 and get feedback on those features before proceeding.
The major new feature is multibyte character support in both Bash
and Readline.
Bash-3.0 is the third major release of bash. The features introduced
in the intermediate releases following bash-2.05 have been completed.
Support for the bash debugger (a separate project) has been integrated.
Bash-2.05b contains the following new features (see the manual page for
complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-2.05b
Bash-3.0 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-3.0
distribution):
o Features to support the bash debugger have been implemented, and there
is a new `extdebug' option to turn the non-default options on
o HISTCONTROL is now a colon-separated list of options and has been
extended with a new `erasedups' option that will result in only one
copy of a command being kept in the history list
o Brace expansion has been extended with a new {x..y} form, producing
sequences of digits or characters
o Timestamps are now kept with history entries, with an option to save
and restore them from the history file; there is a new HISTTIMEFORMAT
variable describing how to display the timestamps when listing history
entries
o The `[[' command can now perform extended regular expression (egrep-like)
matching, with matched subexpressions placed in the BASH_REMATCH array
variable
o A new `pipefail' option causes a pipeline to return a failure status if
any command in it fails
o The `jobs', `kill', and `wait' builtins now accept job control notation
in their arguments even if job control is not enabled
o The `gettext' package and libintl have been integrated, and the shell
messages may be translated into other languages
A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
Bash-2.05b introduced the following new features:
o support for multibyte characters has been added to both bash and readline
o the DEBUG trap is now run *before* simple commands, ((...)) commands,
@ -427,9 +451,6 @@ o the expansion of $LINENO inside a shell function is only relative to the
script, $LINENO expands to the line number in the script. This is as
POSIX-2001 requires
A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
Bash-2.05a introduced the following new features:
o The `printf' builtin has undergone major work
@ -607,10 +628,10 @@ grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
lots of code now smaller and faster
test suite greatly expanded
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-2.05b and
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-3.0 and
bash-1.14.7?
There are a few incompatibilities between version 1.14.7 and version 2.05b.
There are a few incompatibilities between version 1.14.7 and version 3.0.
They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution. That file
is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to bash-maintainers@gnu.org
if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
@ -696,6 +717,9 @@ Things bash has that sh does not:
posix mode
redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr,
/dev/tcp/host/port, /dev/udp/host/port
debugger support, including `caller' builtin and new variables
RETURN trap
Things sh has that bash does not:
uses variable SHACCT to do shell accounting
@ -768,6 +792,10 @@ Things bash has or uses that ksh88 does not:
redirection to /dev/fd/N, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, /dev/stderr
arrays of unlimited size
TMOUT is default timeout for `read' and `select'
debugger support, including the `caller' builtin
RETURN trap
Timestamps in history entries
{x..y} brace expansion
Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not:
tracked aliases (alias -t)
@ -776,9 +804,9 @@ Things ksh88 has or uses that bash does not:
weirdly-scoped functions
typeset +f to list all function names without definitions
text of command history kept in a file, not memory
builtins: alias -x, cd old new, fc -e -, newgrp, print,
builtins: alias -x, cd old new, newgrp, print,
read -p/-s/var?prompt, set -A/-o gmacs/
-o bgnice/-o markdirs/-o nolog/-o trackall/-o viraw/-s,
-o bgnice/-o markdirs/-o trackall/-o viraw/-s,
typeset -H/-L/-R/-Z/-A/-ft/-fu/-fx/-l/-u/-t, whence
using environment to pass attributes of exported variables
arithmetic evaluation done on arguments to some builtins
@ -795,7 +823,7 @@ Implementation differences:
C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
New things in ksh-93 not in bash-2.05b:
New things in ksh-93 not in bash-3.0:
associative arrays
floating point arithmetic and variables
math library functions
@ -814,15 +842,15 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-2.05b:
`fc' has been renamed to `hist'
`.' can execute shell functions
exit statuses between 0 and 255
set -o pipefail
`+=' variable assignment operator
FPATH and PATH mixing
getopts -a
-I invocation option
DEBUG trap now executed before each simple command, instead of after
printf %H, %P, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d
lexical scoping for local variables in `ksh' functions
no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions
New things in ksh-93 present in bash-2.05b:
New things in ksh-93 present in bash-3.0:
[n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
?:, ++, --, `expr1 , expr2' arithmetic operators
@ -847,6 +875,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-2.05b:
command and arithmetic substitution performed on PS1, PS4, and ENV
command name completion
ENV processed only for interactive shells
set -o pipefail
Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
@ -1235,9 +1264,9 @@ subdirs-clean:
( cd $$d && ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} clean ) \
done
The latest drafts of the updated POSIX standard have changed this: the
word list is no longer required. Bash versions 2.05a and later accept
the new syntax.
The latest updated POSIX standard has changed this: the word list
is no longer required. Bash versions 2.05a and later accept the
new syntax.
E8) Why does the arithmetic evaluation code complain about `08'?
@ -1305,6 +1334,49 @@ This is, I presume, for historical compatibility. Certain versions of
Unix, and early network file systems, used paths of the form
//hostname/path to access `path' on server `hostname'.
E11) If I resize my xterm while another program is running, why doesn't bash
notice the change?
This is another issue that deals with job control.
The kernel maintains a notion of a current terminal process group. Members
of this process group (processes whose process group ID is equal to the
current terminal process group ID) receive terminal-generated signals like
SIGWINCH. (For more details, see the JOB CONTROL section of the bash
man page.)
If a terminal is resized, the kernel sends SIGWINCH to each member of
the terminal's current process group (the `foreground' process group).
When bash is running with job control enabled, each pipeline (which may be
a single command) is run in its own process group, different from bash's
process group. This foreground process group receives the SIGWINCH; bash
does not. Bash has no way of knowing that the terminal has been resized.
There is a `checkwinsize' option, settable with the `shopt' builtin, that
will cause bash to check the window size and adjust its idea of the
terminal's dimensions each time a process stops or exits and returns control
of the terminal to bash. Enable it with `shopt -s checkwinsize'.
E12) Why don't negative offsets in substring expansion work like I expect?
When substring expansion of the form ${param:offset[:length} is used,
an `offset' that evaluates to a number less than zero counts back from
the end of the expanded value of $param.
When a negative `offset' begins with a minus sign, however, unexpected things
can happen. Consider
a=12345678
echo ${a:-4}
intending to print the last four characters of $a. The problem is that
${param:-word} already has a well-defined meaning: expand to word if the
expanded value of param is unset or null, and $param otherwise.
To use negative offsets that begin with a minus sign, separate the
minus sign and the colon with a space.
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
@ -1410,7 +1482,7 @@ comp.unix.shell). While most commands of the form
can be converted to `< file command', shell control structures such as
loops and subshells require `command < file'.
The file CWRU/sh-redir-hack in the bash-2.05a distribution is an
The file CWRU/sh-redir-hack in the bash distribution is an
(unofficial) patch to parse.y that will modify the grammar to
support this construct. It will not apply with `patch'; you must
modify parse.y by hand. Note that if you apply this, you must
@ -1671,11 +1743,17 @@ A second edition of this book is available, published in January, 1998.
The ISBN number is 1-56592-347-2. Look for it in the same fine bookstores
or on the web.
The GNU Bash Reference Manual has been published as a printed book by
Network Theory Ltd (Paperback, ISBN: 0-9541617-7-7, Feb 2003). It covers
bash-2.0 and is available from most online bookstores (see
http://www.network-theory.co.uk/bash/manual/ for details). The publisher
will donate $1 to the Free Software Foundation for each copy sold.
H3) What's coming in future versions?
These are features I hope to include in a future version of bash.
a better bash debugger (a minimally-tested version is included with bash-2.05b)
Rocky Bernstein's bash debugger (support is included with bash-3.0)
associative arrays
co-processes, but with a new-style syntax that looks like function declaration
@ -1685,7 +1763,6 @@ These are features that may or may not appear in a future version of bash.
breaking some of the shell functionality into embeddable libraries
a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins
better internationalization using GNU `gettext'
date-stamped command history
a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins
a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and
@ -1698,10 +1775,9 @@ Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing
H5) When will the next release appear?
The next version will appear sometime in 2002. Never make predictions.
The next version will appear sometime in 2005. Never make predictions.
This document is Copyright 1995-2002 by Chester Ramey.
This document is Copyright 1995-2004 by Chester Ramey.
Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute

79
doc/Makefile.in
View file

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-.
#
# Copyright (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@ -16,6 +16,14 @@
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
PACKAGE = @PACKAGE_NAME@
VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = @PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@
PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@
PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@
PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
#
SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@
RM = rm -f
@ -47,6 +55,8 @@ INSTALL = @INSTALL@
INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
BUILD_DIR = @BUILD_DIR@
SUPPORT_SRCDIR = $(topdir)/support
# bad style
RL_LIBDIR = $(topdir)/lib/readline
@ -55,21 +65,24 @@ TEXINDEX = texindex
TEX = tex
MAKEINFO = makeinfo
TEXI2DVI = ${topdir}/support/texi2dvi
TEXI2HTML = ${topdir}/support/texi2html
TEXI2DVI = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2dvi
TEXI2HTML = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/texi2html
MAN2HTML = ${BUILD_DIR}/support/man2html
HTMLPOST = ${srcdir}/htmlpost.sh
INFOPOST = ${srcdir}/infopost.sh
QUIETPS = #set this to -q to shut up dvips
PAPERSIZE = letter # change to a4 for A4-size paper
PSDPI = 300 # could be 600 if you like
PSDPI = 600 # could be 300 if you like
DVIPS = dvips -D ${PSDPI} $(QUIETPS) -t ${PAPERSIZE} -o $@ # tricky
TEXINPUTDIR = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc
SET_TEXINPUTS = TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS
# These tools might not be available; they're not required
DVIPDF = dvipdfm -o $@ -p ${PAPERSIZE}
PSPDF = gs -sPAPERSIZE=${PAPERSIZE} -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sOutputFile=$@
MKDIRS = ${topdir}/support/mkdirs
MKDIRS = ${SUPPORT_SRCDIR}/mkdirs
# This should be a program that converts troff to an ascii-readable format
NROFF = groff -Tascii
@ -77,8 +90,10 @@ NROFF = groff -Tascii
# This should be a program that converts troff to postscript
GROFF = groff
HSUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/hsuser.texinfo
RLUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/rluser.texinfo
HSUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/hsuser.texi
RLUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/rluser.texi
BASHREF_FILES = $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(srcdir)/version.texi
.SUFFIXES: .0 .1 .3 .ms .ps .txt .dvi .html .pdf
@ -122,10 +137,14 @@ RLUSER = $(RL_LIBDIR)/doc/rluser.texinfo
$(RM) $@
-${DVIPDF} $<
.dvi.ps:
${RM} $@
-${DVIPS} $<
all: ps info dvi text html
nodvi: ps info text html
PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps
PSFILES = bash.ps bashbug.ps article.ps builtins.ps rbash.ps
DVIFILES = bashref.dvi bashref.ps
INFOFILES = bashref.info
MAN0FILES = bash.0 bashbug.0 builtins.0 rbash.0
@ -139,35 +158,17 @@ text: ${MAN0FILES}
html: ${HTMLFILES}
pdf: ${PDFFILES}
bashref.dvi: $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bashref.ps: bashref.dvi
$(RM) $@
$(DVIPS) bashref.dvi
bashref.info: $(srcdir)/bashref.texi $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
bashref.html: bashref.texi $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
new-bashref.dvi: $(srcdir)/new-bashref.texi $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/new-bashref.texi
new-bashref.ps: new-bashref.dvi
$(RM) $@
$(DVIPS) new-bashref.dvi
new-bashref.info: $(srcdir)/new-bashref.texi $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/new-bashref.texi
#bash.dvi: bash.texinfo $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
# TEXINPUTS=.:$(TEXINPUTDIR):$$TEXINPUTS $(TEXI2DVI) bash.texinfo
#
#bashman.ps: bash.dvi
# $(RM) $@
# $(DVIPS) bash.dvi
bash.info: bashref.info
${SHELL} ${INFOPOST} < $(srcdir)/bashref.info > $@ ; \
bash.txt: bash.1
bash.ps: bash.1
@ -181,6 +182,8 @@ builtins.0: builtins.1 bash.1
rbash.0: rbash.1 bash.1
article.ps: article.ms
bashref.ps: bashref.dvi
article.pdf: article.ps
bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi
bash.pdf: bash.ps
@ -211,18 +214,18 @@ maybe-clean:
fi
installdirs:
-test -d $(man1dir) || $(SHELL) ${MKDIRS} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)
-test -d $(infodir) || $(SHELL) ${MKDIRS} $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)
-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)
-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)
-if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \
test -d $(htmldir) || $(SHELL) ${MKDIRS} $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
fi
install: info installdirs
install: info installdirs bash.info
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext}
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
# uncomment the next line to install the builtins man page
# -$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashref.info $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.info $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info
# run install-info if it is present to update the info directory
if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info; \
@ -285,4 +288,4 @@ rbash: bashref.texi
cmp -s RBASH ../RBASH || mv RBASH ../RBASH
$(RM) RBASH
xdist: inst posix rbash
xdist: pdf inst posix rbash

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2
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
.\" This is a hack to force bash builtins into the whatis database
.\" and to get the list of builtins to come up with the man command.
.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2001 November 27" "GNU Bash-2.05a"
.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-3.0"
.SH NAME
bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, cd, command, compgen, complete,
continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit,

452
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@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
@node GNU Free Documentation License
@appendixsec GNU Free Documentation License
@cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License
@center Version 1.2, November 2002
@display
Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@end display
@enumerate 0
@item
PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
@item
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.
A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.
The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
@sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
@acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML},
PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples
of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
@acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
@acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are
not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML},
PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.
The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title''
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
@item
VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
@item
COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
@item
MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
@enumerate A
@item
Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
@item
List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.
@item
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
@item
Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
@item
Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
@item
Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
@item
Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
@item
Include an unaltered copy of this License.
@item
Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
@item
Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
@item
For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
dedications given therein.
@item
Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
@item
Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
@item
Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
@item
Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
@end enumerate
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
@item
COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all
sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
@item
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
@item
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
@item
TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.
@item
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
@item
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
@end enumerate
@page
@appendixsubsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
@smallexample
@group
Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
@end group
@end smallexample
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with this:
@smallexample
@group
with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being @var{list}.
@end group
@end smallexample
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.
@c Local Variables:
@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
@c End:

397
doc/fdl.txt Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
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K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
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These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
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standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
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permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
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imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
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multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
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adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
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Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
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8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.

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#! /bin/sh
#
# Some of these should really be done by options to makeinfo or by
# using @setfilename, but this way we can have both bashref.info and
# bash.info (for installing)
#
sed -e 's|bashref.info|bash.info|g'

2
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
.TH RBASH 1 "1999 Nov 29" GNU
.TH RBASH 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-3.0"
.SH NAME
rbash \- restricted bash, see \fBbash\fR(1)
.SH RESTRICTED SHELL

2918
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@ignore
Copyright (C) 1988-2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
@set EDITION 3.0
@set VERSION 3.0
@set UPDATED 27 July 2004
@set UPDATED-MONTH July 2004
@set LASTCHANGE Tue Jul 27 09:12:07 EDT 2004