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@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
the Bash shell.
This is Edition 2.2, last updated 1 April 1998,
This is Edition 2.3, last updated 20 January 1999,
of `The GNU Bash Reference Manual',
for `Bash', Version 2.02.
for `Bash', Version 2.03.
Copyright (C) 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 1991-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ Bash Features
This text is a brief description of the features that are present in
the Bash shell.
This is Edition 2.2, last updated 1 April 1998, of `The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 2.02.
This is Edition 2.3, last updated 20 January 1999, of `The GNU Bash
Reference Manual', for `Bash', Version 2.03.
Copyright (C) 1991, 1993, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@ -1232,15 +1232,16 @@ parameter that is unset.
against its value is replaced with STRING. In the first form,
only the first match is replaced. The second form causes all
matches of PATTERN to be replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins
with `#', it must match at the beginning of STRING. If PATTERN
begins with `%', it must match at the end of STRING. If STRING is
null, matches of PATTERN are deleted and the `/' following PATTERN
may be omitted. If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the substitution
operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the
expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array
variable subscripted with `@' or `*', the substitution operation
is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion
is the resultant list.
with `#', it must match at the beginning of the expanded value of
PARAMETER. If PATTERN begins with `%', it must match at the end
of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of
PATTERN are deleted and the `/' following PATTERN may be omitted.
If PARAMETER is `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied
to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the
resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted
with `@' or `*', the substitution operation is applied to each
member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant
list.

File: bashref.info, Node: Command Substitution, Next: Arithmetic Expansion, Prev: Shell Parameter Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions
@ -1982,14 +1983,16 @@ standard.
The return status is zero.
`.'
. FILENAME
. FILENAME [ARGUMENTS]
Read and execute commands from the FILENAME argument in the
current shell context. If FILENAME does not contain a slash, the
`$PATH' variable is used to find FILENAME. The current directory
is searched if FILENAME is not found in `$PATH'. The return
status is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if
no commands are executed. If FILENAME is not found, or cannot be
read, the return status is non-zero.
is searched if FILENAME is not found in `$PATH'. If any ARGUMENTS
are supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME
is executed. Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.
The return status is the exit status of the last command executed,
or zero if no commands are executed. If FILENAME is not found, or
cannot be read, the return status is non-zero.
`break'
break [N]
@ -2762,8 +2765,9 @@ of the files exist but cannot be read, Bash reports an error. Tildes
are expanded in file names as described above under Tilde Expansion
(*note Tilde Expansion::.).
When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, it first reads
and executes commands from the file `/etc/profile', if that file exists.
When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a
non-interactive shell with the `--login' option, it first reads and
executes commands from the file `/etc/profile', if that file exists.
After reading that file, it looks for `~/.bash_profile',
`~/.bash_login', and `~/.profile', in that order, and reads and
executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The
@ -2798,16 +2802,17 @@ name.
behavior of historical versions of `sh' as closely as possible, while
conforming to the POSIX standard as well.
When invoked as an interactive login shell, it first attempts to read
and execute commands from `/etc/profile' and `~/.profile', in that
order. The `--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior.
When invoked as an interactive shell with the name `sh', Bash looks for
the variable `ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
When invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive
shell with the `--login' option, it first attempts to read and execute
commands from `/etc/profile' and `~/.profile', in that order. The
`--noprofile' option may be used to inhibit this behavior. When
invoked as an interactive shell with the name `sh', Bash looks for the
variable `ENV', expands its value if it is defined, and uses the
expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a
shell invoked as `sh' does not attempt to read and execute commands
from any other startup files, the `--rcfile' option has no effect. A
non-interactive shell invoked with the name `sh' does not attempt to
read any startup files.
read any other startup files.
When invoked as `sh', Bash enters POSIX mode after the startup files
are read.
@ -2827,6 +2832,14 @@ may be used to force another file to be read, but `rshd' does not
generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be
specified.
If Bash is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to
the real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied, no
startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the
environment, the `SHELLOPTS' variable, if it appears in the
environment, is ignored, and the effective user id is set to the real
user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at invocation, the startup
behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset.

File: bashref.info, Node: Is This Shell Interactive?, Next: Bash Builtins, Prev: Bash Startup Files, Up: Bash Features
@ -3126,15 +3139,18 @@ been extended in Bash.
assigned to the last NAME. If there are fewer words read from the
standard input than names, the remaining names are assigned empty
values. The characters in the value of the `IFS' variable are
used to split the line into words. If no names are supplied, the
used to split the line into words. The backslash character `\'
may be used to remove any special meaning for the next character
read and for line continuation. If no names are supplied, the
line read is assigned to the variable `REPLY'. The return code is
zero, unless end-of-file is encountered. Options, if supplied,
have the following meanings:
`-r'
If this option is given, a backslash-newline pair is not
ignored, and the backslash is considered to be part of the
line.
If this option is given, backslash does not act as an escape
character. The backslash is considered to be part of the
line. In particular, a backslash-newline pair may not be
used as a line continuation.
`-p PROMPT'
Display PROMPT, without a trailing newline, before attempting
@ -3287,6 +3303,13 @@ been extended in Bash.
expansion after being expanded (*note Printing a Prompt::.).
This option is enabled by default.
`restricted_shell'
The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode
(*note The Restricted Shell::.). The value may not be
changed. This is not reset when the startup files are
executed, allowing the startup files to discover whether or
not a shell is restricted.
`shift_verbose'
If this is set, the `shift' builtin prints an error message
when the shift count exceeds the number of positional
@ -3527,11 +3550,14 @@ The Set Builtin
Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the `$BASH_ENV' and
`$ENV' files are not processed, shell functions are not
inherited from the environment, and the `SHELLOPTS' variable,
if it appears in the environment, is ignored. This is
enabled automatically on startup if the effective user
(group) id is not equal to the real user (group) id. Turning
this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be
set to the real user and group ids.
if it appears in the environment, is ignored. If the shell
is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the
real user (group) id, and the `-p' option is not supplied,
these actions are taken and the effective user id is set to
the real user id. If the `-p' option is supplied at startup,
the effective user id is not reset. Turning this option off
causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real
user and group ids.
`-t'
Exit after reading and executing one command.
@ -3640,6 +3666,9 @@ checked.
`-g FILE'
True if FILE exists and its set-group-id bit is set.
`-h FILE'
True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link.
`-k FILE'
True if FILE exists and its "sticky" bit is set.
@ -4450,7 +4479,8 @@ the standard shell. A restricted shell behaves identically to `bash'
with the exception that the following are disallowed:
* Changing directories with the `cd' builtin.
* Setting or unsetting the values of the `SHELL' or `PATH' variables.
* Setting or unsetting the values of the `SHELL', `PATH', `ENV', or
`BASH_ENV' variables.
* Specifying command names containing slashes.
@ -5346,18 +5376,19 @@ string. There are two search modes: INCREMENTAL and NON-INCREMENTAL.
search string. As each character of the search string is typed,
Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters
as needed to find the desired history entry. The <ESC> character is
used to terminate an incremental search. <C-j> will also terminate the
search. <C-g> will abort an incremental search and restore the
original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry
containing the search string becomes the current line. To find other
matching entries in the history list, type <C-s> or <C-r> as
appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for
the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key
sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search and
execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the search
and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history
list.
as needed to find the desired history entry. The characters present in
the value of the ISEARCH-TERMINATORS variable are used to terminate an
incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value,
the <ESC> and <C-J> characters will terminate an incremental search.
<C-g> will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search
string becomes the current line. To find other matching entries in the
history list, type <C-s> or <C-r> as appropriate. This will search
backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the
search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a Readline
command will terminate the search and execute that command. For
instance, a <RET> will terminate the search and accept the line,
thereby executing the command from the history list.
Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be
@ -5471,6 +5502,20 @@ Variable Settings
longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
a new screen line. By default, this variable is set to `off'.
`input-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym
for this variable.
`isearch-terminators'
The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
search without subsequently executing the character as a
command (*note Searching::.). If this variable has not been
given a value, the characters <ESC> and <C-J> will terminate
an incremental search.
`keymap'
Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
commands. Acceptable `keymap' names are `emacs',
@ -5489,13 +5534,6 @@ Variable Settings
asterisk (`*') at the start of history lines which have been
modified. This variable is `off' by default.
`input-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
not strip the eighth bit from the characters it reads),
regardless of what the terminal claims it can support. The
default value is `off'. The name `meta-flag' is a synonym
for this variable.
`output-meta'
If set to `on', Readline will display characters with the
eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
@ -5929,6 +5967,11 @@ Commands For Changing Text
Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric argument means
to kill the characters instead of deleting them.
`forward-backward-delete-char ()'
Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
deleted. By default, this is not bound to a key.
`quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)'
Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to
insert key sequences like <C-q>, for example.
@ -6083,6 +6126,12 @@ Letting Readline Type For You
This command is intended to be bound to `TAB', but is unbound by
default.
`delete-char-or-list ()'
Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
end of the line (like `delete-char'). If at the end of the line,
behaves identically to `possible-completions'. This command is
unbound by default.
`complete-filename (M-/)'
Attempt filename completion on the text before point.
@ -6180,7 +6229,7 @@ Some Miscellaneous Commands
Undo all changes made to this line. This is like executing the
`undo' command enough times to get back to the beginning.
`tilde-expand (M-~)'
`tilde-expand (M-&)'
Perform tilde expansion on the current word.
`set-mark (C-@)'
@ -6562,6 +6611,11 @@ that the Bash `configure' recognizes.
for which this should be turned off, and `configure' disables this
option automatically for a number of systems.
`--with-installed-readline'
Define this to make bash link with a locally-installed version of
Readline rather than the version in lib/readline. This works only
with readline 4.0 and later versions.
`--with-purify'
Define this to use the Purify memory allocation checker from Pure
Software.
@ -6857,6 +6911,7 @@ Parameter and Variable Index
* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables.
* input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax.
* INPUTRC: Bash Variables.
* isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax.
* keymap: Readline Init File Syntax.
* LANG: Bash Variables.
* LC_ALL: Bash Variables.
@ -6923,6 +6978,7 @@ Function Index
* copy-forward-word (): Commands For Killing.
* copy-region-as-kill (): Commands For Killing.
* delete-char (C-d): Commands For Text.
* delete-char-or-list (): Commands For Completion.
* delete-horizontal-space (): Commands For Killing.
* digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments.
* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands.
@ -6934,6 +6990,7 @@ Function Index
* end-of-history (M->): Commands For History.
* end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving.
* exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands.
* forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text.
* forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving.
* forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History.
* forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving.
@ -6960,7 +7017,6 @@ Function Index
* self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text.
* set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands.
* start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros.
* tilde-expand (M-~): Miscellaneous Commands.
* transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text.
* transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text.
* undo (C-_, C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands.
@ -7092,120 +7148,120 @@ Concept Index

Tag Table:
Node: Top1197
Node: Introduction3153
Node: What is Bash?3378
Node: What is a shell?4472
Node: Definitions6494
Node: Basic Shell Features9155
Node: Shell Syntax10378
Node: Shell Operation10667
Node: Quoting11961
Node: Escape Character12986
Node: Single Quotes13458
Node: Double Quotes13787
Node: ANSI-C Quoting14685
Node: Locale Translation15554
Node: Comments15975
Node: Shell Commands16589
Node: Simple Commands17100
Node: Pipelines17659
Node: Lists19186
Node: Looping Constructs20641
Node: Conditional Constructs22246
Node: Command Grouping28184
Node: Shell Functions29561
Node: Shell Parameters31525
Node: Positional Parameters32851
Node: Special Parameters33600
Node: Shell Expansions36221
Node: Brace Expansion38144
Node: Tilde Expansion39705
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion42037
Node: Command Substitution48379
Node: Arithmetic Expansion49653
Node: Process Substitution50498
Node: Word Splitting51392
Node: Filename Expansion52844
Node: Pattern Matching54808
Node: Quote Removal57197
Node: Redirections57483
Node: Executing Commands63553
Node: Simple Command Expansion64220
Node: Command Search and Execution66143
Node: Command Execution Environment68146
Node: Environment70600
Node: Exit Status72257
Node: Signals73454
Node: Shell Scripts75349
Node: Bourne Shell Features77385
Node: Bourne Shell Builtins78115
Node: Bourne Shell Variables92056
Node: Other Bourne Shell Features93761
Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell94504
Node: Bash Features106693
Node: Invoking Bash107796
Node: Bash Startup Files111981
Node: Is This Shell Interactive?115540
Node: Bash Builtins116511
Node: The Set Builtin137351
Node: Bash Conditional Expressions143960
Node: Bash Variables147033
Node: Shell Arithmetic159463
Node: Aliases161511
Node: Alias Builtins164086
Node: Arrays164702
Node: The Directory Stack167723
Node: Printing a Prompt171073
Node: The Restricted Shell172736
Node: Bash POSIX Mode174072
Node: Job Control178233
Node: Job Control Basics178699
Node: Job Control Builtins182898
Node: Job Control Variables187190
Node: Using History Interactively188340
Node: Bash History Facilities189019
Node: Bash History Builtins191360
Node: History Interaction194728
Node: Event Designators197280
Node: Word Designators198207
Node: Modifiers199456
Node: Command Line Editing200773
Node: Introduction and Notation201433
Node: Readline Interaction202471
Node: Readline Bare Essentials203663
Node: Readline Movement Commands205203
Node: Readline Killing Commands206168
Node: Readline Arguments207883
Node: Searching208857
Node: Readline Init File210475
Node: Readline Init File Syntax211514
Node: Conditional Init Constructs220379
Node: Sample Init File222817
Node: Bindable Readline Commands225986
Node: Commands For Moving226736
Node: Commands For History227583
Node: Commands For Text230412
Node: Commands For Killing232146
Node: Numeric Arguments234295
Node: Commands For Completion235421
Node: Keyboard Macros238991
Node: Miscellaneous Commands239549
Node: Readline vi Mode243869
Node: Installing Bash244747
Node: Basic Installation245824
Node: Compilers and Options248734
Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures249468
Node: Installation Names251125
Node: Specifying the System Type251850
Node: Sharing Defaults252554
Node: Operation Controls253219
Node: Optional Features254124
Node: Reporting Bugs260319
Node: Builtin Index261390
Node: Reserved Word Index264793
Node: Variable Index266251
Node: Function Index271456
Node: Concept Index275885
Node: Top1187
Node: Introduction3146
Node: What is Bash?3371
Node: What is a shell?4465
Node: Definitions6487
Node: Basic Shell Features9148
Node: Shell Syntax10371
Node: Shell Operation10660
Node: Quoting11954
Node: Escape Character12979
Node: Single Quotes13451
Node: Double Quotes13780
Node: ANSI-C Quoting14678
Node: Locale Translation15547
Node: Comments15968
Node: Shell Commands16582
Node: Simple Commands17093
Node: Pipelines17652
Node: Lists19179
Node: Looping Constructs20634
Node: Conditional Constructs22239
Node: Command Grouping28177
Node: Shell Functions29554
Node: Shell Parameters31518
Node: Positional Parameters32844
Node: Special Parameters33593
Node: Shell Expansions36214
Node: Brace Expansion38137
Node: Tilde Expansion39698
Node: Shell Parameter Expansion42030
Node: Command Substitution48426
Node: Arithmetic Expansion49700
Node: Process Substitution50545
Node: Word Splitting51439
Node: Filename Expansion52891
Node: Pattern Matching54855
Node: Quote Removal57244
Node: Redirections57530
Node: Executing Commands63600
Node: Simple Command Expansion64267
Node: Command Search and Execution66190
Node: Command Execution Environment68193
Node: Environment70647
Node: Exit Status72304
Node: Signals73501
Node: Shell Scripts75396
Node: Bourne Shell Features77432
Node: Bourne Shell Builtins78162
Node: Bourne Shell Variables92273
Node: Other Bourne Shell Features93978
Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell94721
Node: Bash Features106910
Node: Invoking Bash108013
Node: Bash Startup Files112198
Node: Is This Shell Interactive?116342
Node: Bash Builtins117313
Node: The Set Builtin138717
Node: Bash Conditional Expressions145533
Node: Bash Variables148666
Node: Shell Arithmetic161096
Node: Aliases163144
Node: Alias Builtins165719
Node: Arrays166335
Node: The Directory Stack169356
Node: Printing a Prompt172706
Node: The Restricted Shell174369
Node: Bash POSIX Mode175730
Node: Job Control179891
Node: Job Control Basics180357
Node: Job Control Builtins184556
Node: Job Control Variables188848
Node: Using History Interactively189998
Node: Bash History Facilities190677
Node: Bash History Builtins193018
Node: History Interaction196386
Node: Event Designators198938
Node: Word Designators199865
Node: Modifiers201114
Node: Command Line Editing202431
Node: Introduction and Notation203091
Node: Readline Interaction204129
Node: Readline Bare Essentials205321
Node: Readline Movement Commands206861
Node: Readline Killing Commands207826
Node: Readline Arguments209541
Node: Searching210515
Node: Readline Init File212263
Node: Readline Init File Syntax213302
Node: Conditional Init Constructs222508
Node: Sample Init File224946
Node: Bindable Readline Commands228115
Node: Commands For Moving228865
Node: Commands For History229712
Node: Commands For Text232541
Node: Commands For Killing234508
Node: Numeric Arguments236657
Node: Commands For Completion237783
Node: Keyboard Macros241615
Node: Miscellaneous Commands242173
Node: Readline vi Mode246493
Node: Installing Bash247371
Node: Basic Installation248448
Node: Compilers and Options251358
Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures252092
Node: Installation Names253749
Node: Specifying the System Type254474
Node: Sharing Defaults255178
Node: Operation Controls255843
Node: Optional Features256748
Node: Reporting Bugs263158
Node: Builtin Index264229
Node: Reserved Word Index267632
Node: Variable Index269090
Node: Function Index274363
Node: Concept Index278853

End Tag Table