Bash-4.3 distribution sources and documentation
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Chet Ramey
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207
doc/FAQ
207
doc/FAQ
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.12, for Bash version 4.2.
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This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.13, for Bash version 4.3.
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This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
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Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
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@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
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Section B: The latest version
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B1) What's new in version 4.2?
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B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and
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B1) What's new in version 4.3?
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B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.3 and
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previous bash versions?
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Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
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@ -144,26 +144,26 @@ of Case Western Reserve University.
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A2) What's the latest version?
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The latest version is 4.2, first made available on 14 February, 2011.
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The latest version is 4.3, first made available on xx December, 2013.
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A3) Where can I get it?
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Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
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master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
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latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
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The following URLs tell how to get version 4.2:
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The following URLs tell how to get version 4.3:
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ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz
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ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz
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ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.3.tar.gz
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ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.3.tar.gz
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Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
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ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz
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ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz
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ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.3.tar.gz
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ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.3.tar.gz
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Any patches for the current version are available with the URL:
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ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2-patches/
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ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.3-patches/
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A4) On what machines will bash run?
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@ -219,7 +219,8 @@ Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status.
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Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services
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for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems
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with building bash-4.2, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed.
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with building bash-4.2 and later, but will gladly accept any patches that
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are needed.
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A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
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@ -388,14 +389,130 @@ They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
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Section B: The latest version
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B1) What's new in version 4.2?
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B1) What's new in version 4.3?
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Bash-4.2 is the second revision to the fourth major release of bash.
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Bash-4.3 is the third revision to the fourth major release of bash.
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Bash-4.2 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
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complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.2
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Bash-4.3 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
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complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.3
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distribution):
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o The `helptopic' completion action now maps to all the help topics, not just
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the shell builtins.
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o The `help' builtin no longer does prefix substring matching first, so
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`help read' does not match `readonly', but will do it if exact string
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matching fails.
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o The shell can be compiled to not display a message about processes that
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terminate due to SIGTERM.
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o Non-interactive shells now react to the setting of checkwinsize and set
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LINES and COLUMNS after a foreground job exits.
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o There is a new shell option, `globasciiranges', which, when set to on,
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forces globbing range comparisons to use character ordering as if they
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were run in the C locale.
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o There is a new shell option, `direxpand', which makes filename completion
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expand variables in directory names in the way bash-4.1 did.
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o In Posix mode, the `command' builtin does not change whether or not a
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builtin it shadows is treated as an assignment builtin.
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o The `return' and `exit' builtins accept negative exit status arguments.
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o The word completion code checks whether or not a filename containing a
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shell variable expands to a directory name and appends `/' to the word
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as appropriate. The same code expands shell variables in command names
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when performing command completion.
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o In Posix mode, it is now an error to attempt to define a shell function
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with the same name as a Posix special builtin.
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o When compiled for strict Posix conformance, history expansion is disabled
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by default.
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o The history expansion character (!) does not cause history expansion when
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followed by the closing quote in a double-quoted string.
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o `complete' and its siblings compgen/compopt now takes a new `-o noquote'
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option to inhibit quoting of the completions.
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o Setting HISTSIZE to a value less than zero causes the history list to be
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unlimited (setting it 0 zero disables the history list).
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o Setting HISTFILESIZE to a value less than zero causes the history file size
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to be unlimited (setting it to 0 causes the history file to be truncated
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to zero size).
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o The `read' builtin now skips NUL bytes in the input.
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o There is a new `bind -X' option to print all key sequences bound to Unix
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commands.
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o When in Posix mode, `read' is interruptible by a trapped signal. After
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running the trap handler, read returns 128+signal and throws away any
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partially-read input.
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o The command completion code skips whitespace and assignment statements
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before looking for the command name word to be completed.
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o The build process has a new mechanism for constructing separate help files
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that better reflects the current set of compilation options.
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o The -nt and -ot options to test now work with files with nanosecond
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timestamp resolution.
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o The shell saves the command history in any shell for which history is
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enabled and HISTFILE is set, not just interactive shells.
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o The shell has `nameref' variables and new -n(/+n) options to declare and
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unset to use them, and a `test -R' option to test for them.
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o The shell now allows assigning, referencing, and unsetting elements of
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indexed arrays using negative subscripts (a[-1]=2, echo ${a[-1]}) which
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count back from the last element of the array.
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o The {x}<word redirection feature now allows words like {array[ind]} and
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can use variables with special meanings to the shell (e.g., BASH_XTRACEFD).
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o There is a new CHILD_MAX special shell variable; its value controls the
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number of exited child statues the shell remembers.
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o There is a new configuration option (--enable-direxpand-default) that
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causes the `direxpand' shell option to be enabled by default.
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o Bash does not do anything special to ensure that the file descriptor
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assigned to X in {x}<foo remains open after the block containing it
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completes.
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o The `wait' builtin has a new `-n' option to wait for the next child to
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change status.
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o The `printf' %(...)T format specifier now uses the current time if no
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argument is supplied.
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o There is a new variable, BASH_COMPAT, that controls the current shell
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compatibility level.
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o The `popd' builtin now treats additional arguments as errors.
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o The brace expansion code now treats a failed sequence expansion as a
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simple string and will continue to expand brace terms in the remainder
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of the word.
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o Shells started to run process substitutions now run any trap set on EXIT.
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o The fc builtin now interprets -0 as the current command line.
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o Completing directory names containing shell variables now adds a trailing
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slash if the expanded result is a directory.
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A short feature history dating back to Bash-2.0:
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Bash-4.2 contained the following new features:
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o `exec -a foo' now sets $0 to `foo' in an executable shell script without a
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leading #!.
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@ -973,10 +1090,10 @@ grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
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lots of code now smaller and faster
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test suite greatly expanded
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B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and
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B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.3 and
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previous bash versions?
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There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.2 and previous
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There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.3 and previous
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versions. They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution.
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That file is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to
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bash-maintainers@gnu.org (or bug-bash@gnu.org if you would like
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@ -1026,14 +1143,14 @@ Things bash has that sh does not:
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auto-export of variables in initial environment
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command search finds functions before builtins
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bash return builtin will exit a file sourced with `.'
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builtins: cd -/-L/-P, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t.
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builtins: cd -/-L/-P/-@, exec -l/-c/-a, echo -e/-E, hash -d/-l/-p/-t.
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export -n/-f/-p/name=value, pwd -L/-P,
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read -e/-p/-a/-t/-n/-d/-s/-u/-i/-N,
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readonly -a/-f/name=value, trap -l, set +o,
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set -b/-m/-o option/-h/-p/-B/-C/-H/-P,
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unset -f/-v, ulimit -i/-m/-p/-q/-u/-x,
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unset -f/-n/-v, ulimit -i/-m/-p/-q/-u/-x,
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type -a/-p/-t/-f/-P, suspend -f, kill -n,
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test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S
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test -o optname/s1 == s2/s1 < s2/s1 > s2/-nt/-ot/-ef/-O/-G/-S/-R
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bash reads ~/.bashrc for interactive shells, $ENV for non-interactive
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bash restricted shell mode is more extensive
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bash allows functions and variables with the same name
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@ -1188,18 +1305,20 @@ Implementation differences:
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C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
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This list is current through ksh93t+ (05/05/2009)
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This list is current through ksh93v (10/08/2013)
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New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2:
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floating point arithmetic and variables
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math library functions
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New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.3:
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floating point arithmetic, variables, and constants
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math library functions, including user-defined math functions
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${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
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`.' is allowed in variable names to create a hierarchical namespace
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more extensive compound assignment syntax
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discipline functions
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KEYBD trap
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variables: .sh.edchar, .sh.edmode, .sh.edcol, .sh.edtext, .sh.version,
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.sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT
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.sh.name, .sh.subscript, .sh.value, .sh.match, HISTEDIT,
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.sh.sig, .sh.stats, .sh.siginfo, .sh.pwdfd, .sh.op_astbin,
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.sh.pool
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backreferences in pattern matching (\N)
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`&' operator in pattern lists for matching (match all instead of any)
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exit statuses between 0 and 255
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@ -1208,17 +1327,20 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2:
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no scoping for local variables in `POSIX' functions
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$'' \C[.collating-element.] escape sequence
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-C/-I invocation options
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print -f (bash uses printf)
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print -f (bash uses printf) and rest of print builtin options
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printf %(type)q, %#q
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`fc' has been renamed to `hist'
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`.' can execute shell functions
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getopts -a
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printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag
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read -n/-N differ/-v
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read -n/-N differ/-v/-S
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set -o showme/-o multiline (bash default)
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set -K
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kill -Q/-q/-L
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trap -a
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`sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
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typeset -n and `nameref' variables
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[[ -R name ]] (checks whether or not name is a nameref)
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typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s
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typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s/-c/-M
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experimental `type' definitions (a la typedef) using typeset
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array expansions ${array[sub1..sub2]} and ${!array[sub1..sub2]}
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associative array assignments using `;' as element separator
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@ -1226,8 +1348,12 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2:
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new '${ ' form of command substitution, executed in current shell
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new >;/<>;/<#pat/<##pat/<#/># redirections
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brace expansion printf-like formats
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CHLD trap triggered by SIGSTOP and SIGCONT
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~{fd} expansion, which replaces fd with the corresponding path name
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$"string" expanded when referenced rather than when first parsed
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job "pools", which allow a collection of jobs to be managed as a unit
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New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.2:
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New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.3:
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associative arrays
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[n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
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for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
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@ -1266,6 +1392,8 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.2:
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redirection operators preceded with {varname} to store fd number in varname
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DEBUG can force skipping following command
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[[ -v var ]] operator (checks whether or not var is set)
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typeset -n and `nameref' variables
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process substitutions work without /dev/fd
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Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
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@ -1854,6 +1982,18 @@ compat40 set
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of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.0,
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interrupting one command in a list caused the next to be executed)
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compat41 set
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- interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution
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of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.1,
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interrupting one command in a list caused the next to be executed)
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- when in posix mode, single quotes in the `word' portion of a
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double-quoted parameter expansion define a new quoting context and
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are treated specially
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compat42 set
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- the replacement string in double-quoted pattern substitution is not
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run through quote removal, as in previous versions
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Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions
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F1) Why can't I use command line editing in my `cmdtool'?
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@ -2095,7 +2235,7 @@ before `eval' is executed. In versions of bash later than bash-2.0,
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does the same thing.
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This is not the same thing as ksh93 `nameref' variables, though the syntax
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is similar. I may add namerefs in a future bash version.
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is similar. Namerefs are available bash version 4.3, and work as in ksh93.
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G4) How can I make the bash `time' reserved word print timing output that
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looks like the output from my system's /usr/bin/time?
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@ -2255,16 +2395,15 @@ a module system like zsh's, using dynamic loading like builtins
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a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins
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a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and
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variables (contributions gratefully accepted)
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ksh93-like `nameref' variables
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ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and
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associated disipline functions
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Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing
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H5) When will the next release appear?
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The next version will appear sometime in 2010. Never make predictions.
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The next version will appear sometime in 2015. Never make predictions.
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This document is Copyright 1995-2010 by Chester Ramey.
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This document is Copyright 1995-2014 by Chester Ramey.
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|
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Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and
|
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without license or royalty fees, to use, copy, and distribute
|
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|
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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# This Makefile is for the Bash/documentation directory -*- text -*-.
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#
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# Copyright (C) 2003-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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# Copyright (C) 2003-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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|
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# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
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|
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@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@
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PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@
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PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
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PACKAGE_TARNAME = @PACKAGE_TARNAME@
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#
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SHELL = @MAKE_SHELL@
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RM = rm -f
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@ -38,6 +40,8 @@ datarootdir = @datarootdir@
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infodir = @infodir@
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docdir = @docdir@
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# set this to a directory name to have the HTML files installed
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htmldir = @htmldir@
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@ -166,6 +170,8 @@ bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
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bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
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$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
|
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# can also use:
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# $(MAKEINFO) --html --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
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bashref.html: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
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$(TEXI2HTML) -menu -monolithic -I $(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
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@ -191,6 +197,9 @@ bashref.pdf: bashref.dvi
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bash.pdf: bash.ps
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rose94.pdf: rose94.ps
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OTHER_DOCS = $(srcdir)/FAQ $(srcdir)/INTRO
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OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS = FAQ INTRO
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$(MAN2HTML): ${topdir}/support/man2html.c
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-( cd ${BUILD_DIR}/support ; ${MAKE} ${MFLAGS} man2html)
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@ -218,6 +227,7 @@ maybe-clean:
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installdirs:
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-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)
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-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)
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-$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(docdir)
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-if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \
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$(SHELL) $(SUPPORT_SRCDIR)/mkinstalldirs $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir) ; \
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fi
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@ -225,6 +235,7 @@ installdirs:
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install: info installdirs bash.info
|
||||
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bash.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext}
|
||||
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/bashbug.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
|
||||
-$(INSTALL_DATA) $(OTHER_DOCS) $(DESTDIR)$(docdir)
|
||||
# uncomment the next lines to install the builtins man page
|
||||
# sed 's:bash\.1:man1/&:' $(srcdir)/builtins.1 > $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1
|
||||
# -$(INSTALL_DATA) $${TMPDIR:-/var/tmp}/builtins.1 $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
|
||||
|
|
@ -252,6 +263,7 @@ uninstall:
|
|||
-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash${man1ext} $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bashbug${man1ext}
|
||||
-$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/bash_builtins${man1ext}
|
||||
$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/bash.info
|
||||
-( cd $(DESTDIR)$(docdir) && $(RM) $(OTHER_INSTALLED_DOCS) )
|
||||
-if test -n "$(htmldir)" ; then \
|
||||
$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bash.html ; \
|
||||
$(RM) $(DESTDIR)$(htmldir)/bashref.html ; \
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
BIN
doc/aosa-bash.pdf
Normal file
BIN
doc/aosa-bash.pdf
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ variable expansion semantics, redirection, and quoting as the
|
|||
Bourne shell. Where differences appear between the POSIX.2
|
||||
standard and traditional sh behavior, Bash follows POSIX.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The Korn Shell (\fBksh\fP) is a descendent of the Bourne shell written
|
||||
The Korn Shell (\fBksh\fP) is a descendant of the Bourne shell written
|
||||
at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David Korn\(dg. It provides a number of
|
||||
useful features that POSIX and Bash have adopted. Many of the
|
||||
interactive facilities in POSIX.2 have their roots in the ksh:
|
||||
|
|
@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ some bindings, and begin to use them almost immediately.
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
Bash implements the
|
||||
.B bind
|
||||
builtin for more dyamic control of readline than the startup file
|
||||
builtin for more dynamic control of readline than the startup file
|
||||
permits.
|
||||
.B Bind
|
||||
is used in several ways. In
|
||||
|
|
@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ and
|
|||
builtins to manipulate the history list.
|
||||
The value of
|
||||
.B $HISTFILE
|
||||
specifes the file where Bash writes the command history on exit and
|
||||
specifies the file where Bash writes the command history on exit and
|
||||
reads it on startup.
|
||||
.B $HISTSIZE
|
||||
is used to limit the number of commands saved in the history.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
BIN
doc/article.pdf
BIN
doc/article.pdf
Binary file not shown.
364
doc/article.ps
364
doc/article.ps
|
|
@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
|
|||
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
|
||||
%%Creator: groff version 1.16.1
|
||||
%%CreationDate: Mon Nov 19 13:06:55 2001
|
||||
%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
|
||||
%%CreationDate: Tue Oct 22 11:07:52 2013
|
||||
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Bold
|
||||
%%+ font Times-Italic
|
||||
%%+ font Times-Roman
|
||||
%%+ font Courier
|
||||
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.16 1
|
||||
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
|
||||
%%Pages: 11
|
||||
%%PageOrder: Ascend
|
||||
%%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () ()
|
||||
%%Orientation: Portrait
|
||||
%%EndComments
|
||||
%%BeginDefaults
|
||||
%%PageMedia: Default
|
||||
%%EndDefaults
|
||||
%%BeginProlog
|
||||
%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.16 1
|
||||
%%BeginResource: procset grops 1.19 2
|
||||
%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-ProcSet
|
||||
/setpacking where{
|
||||
pop
|
||||
currentpacking
|
||||
|
|
@ -79,7 +84,7 @@ LS{
|
|||
/EP{
|
||||
level0 restore
|
||||
showpage
|
||||
}bind def
|
||||
}def
|
||||
/DA{
|
||||
newpath arcn stroke
|
||||
}bind def
|
||||
|
|
@ -109,11 +114,26 @@ TM setmatrix
|
|||
/ST/stroke load def
|
||||
/MT/moveto load def
|
||||
/CL/closepath load def
|
||||
/FL{
|
||||
currentgray exch setgray fill setgray
|
||||
/Fr{
|
||||
setrgbcolor fill
|
||||
}bind def
|
||||
/BL/fill load def
|
||||
/setcmykcolor where{
|
||||
pop
|
||||
/Fk{
|
||||
setcmykcolor fill
|
||||
}bind def
|
||||
}if
|
||||
/Fg{
|
||||
setgray fill
|
||||
}bind def
|
||||
/FL/fill load def
|
||||
/LW/setlinewidth load def
|
||||
/Cr/setrgbcolor load def
|
||||
/setcmykcolor where{
|
||||
pop
|
||||
/Ck/setcmykcolor load def
|
||||
}if
|
||||
/Cg/setgray load def
|
||||
/RE{
|
||||
findfont
|
||||
dup maxlength 1 index/FontName known not{1 add}if dict begin
|
||||
|
|
@ -155,9 +175,9 @@ newpath
|
|||
/CNT countdictstack def
|
||||
userdict begin
|
||||
/showpage{}def
|
||||
/setpagedevice{}def
|
||||
}bind def
|
||||
/PEND{
|
||||
clear
|
||||
countdictstack CNT sub{end}repeat
|
||||
level1 restore
|
||||
}bind def
|
||||
|
|
@ -167,13 +187,18 @@ pop
|
|||
setpacking
|
||||
}if
|
||||
%%EndResource
|
||||
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|
||||
%%BeginSetup
|
||||
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|
||||
<< /PageSize [ 612 792 ] /ImagingBBox null >> setpagedevice
|
||||
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|
||||
%%IncludeResource: font Times-Bold
|
||||
%%IncludeResource: font Times-Italic
|
||||
%%IncludeResource: font Times-Roman
|
||||
%%IncludeResource: font Courier
|
||||
grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72
|
||||
def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron
|
||||
/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
|
||||
/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef
|
||||
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
|
||||
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
|
||||
/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent
|
||||
|
|
@ -201,256 +226,254 @@ def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron
|
|||
/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis]def
|
||||
/Courier@0 ENC0/Courier RE/Times-Roman@0 ENC0/Times-Roman RE
|
||||
/Times-Italic@0 ENC0/Times-Italic RE/Times-Bold@0 ENC0/Times-Bold RE
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||||
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|
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
BP
|
||||
%%EndPageSetup
|
||||
/F0 12/Times-Bold@0 SF(Bash \255 The GNU shell*)227.904 123 Q/F1 10
|
||||
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Chet Rame)263.85 147 Q(y)-.3 E(Case W)221.72 159 Q
|
||||
(estern Reserve Univer)-.92 E(sity)-.1 E -.15(ch)250.425 171 S
|
||||
(et@po.cwru.edu).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(1. Intr)72 207 R
|
||||
(oduction)-.18 E(Bash)97 222.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .904
|
||||
/Times-Italic@0 SF(Chet Rame)263.85 159 Q(y)-.3 E(Case W)221.72 171 Q
|
||||
(estern Reserve Univer)-.92 E(sity)-.1 E -.15(ch)250.425 183 S
|
||||
(et@po.cwru.edu).15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.5(1. Intr)72 219 R
|
||||
(oduction)-.18 E(Bash)97 234.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .904
|
||||
(is the shell, or command language interpreter)3.404 F 3.404(,t)-.4 G
|
||||
.904(hat will appear in the GNU operating system.)-3.404 F 1.075
|
||||
(The name is an acron)72 234.6 R 1.075(ym for the \231Bourne-Ag)-.15 F
|
||||
(The name is an acron)72 246.6 R 1.075(ym for the \231Bourne-Ag)-.15 F
|
||||
1.075(ain SHell\232, a pun on Ste)-.05 F 1.375 -.15(ve B)-.25 H 1.075
|
||||
(ourne, the author of the direct).15 F .206(ancestor of the current)72
|
||||
246.6 R/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.706 E F3 2.706<ae73>C(hell)-2.706 E
|
||||
258.6 R/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.706 E F3 2.706<ae73>C(hell)-2.706 E
|
||||
F1(/bin/sh)2.706 E F3 2.706(,w)C .205(hich appeared in the Se)-2.706 F
|
||||
-.15(ve)-.25 G .205(nth Edition Bell Labs Research v).15 F(er)-.15 E(-)
|
||||
-.2 E(sion of)72 258.6 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.5 E F3(.)A .387
|
||||
(Bash is an)97 274.2 R F2(sh)2.887 E F3 .387
|
||||
-.2 E(sion of)72 270.6 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)2.5 E F3(.)A .387
|
||||
(Bash is an)97 286.2 R F2(sh)2.887 E F3 .387
|
||||
(\255compatible shell that incorporates useful features from the K)B
|
||||
.388(orn shell \()-.35 F F2(ksh)A F3 2.888(\)a)C .388(nd the C)-2.888 F
|
||||
.023(shell \()72 286.2 R F2(csh)A F3 .023
|
||||
.023(shell \()72 298.2 R F2(csh)A F3 .023
|
||||
(\), described later in this article.)B .022
|
||||
(It is ultimately intended to be a conformant implementation of the)
|
||||
5.022 F 3.568(IEEE POSIX Shell and Utilities speci\214cation \(IEEE W)72
|
||||
298.2 R 3.568(orking Group 1003.2\).)-.8 F 3.569(It of)8.569 F 3.569
|
||||
(fers functional)-.25 F(impro)72 310.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ments o).15 E
|
||||
310.2 R 3.568(orking Group 1003.2\).)-.8 F 3.569(It of)8.569 F 3.569
|
||||
(fers functional)-.25 F(impro)72 322.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ments o).15 E
|
||||
-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rs).15 G 2.5(hf)-2.5 G(or both interacti)-2.5 E .3
|
||||
-.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd programming use.).15 E .697
|
||||
(While the GNU operating system will most lik)97 325.8 R .697
|
||||
(While the GNU operating system will most lik)97 337.8 R .697
|
||||
(ely include a v)-.1 F .697(ersion of the Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E 3.197
|
||||
(ys)-.15 G .696(hell csh, Bash)-3.197 F .015(will be the def)72 337.8 R
|
||||
(ys)-.15 G .696(hell csh, Bash)-3.197 F .015(will be the def)72 349.8 R
|
||||
.015(ault shell.)-.1 F(Lik)5.015 E 2.515(eo)-.1 G .015(ther GNU softw)
|
||||
-2.515 F .016(are, Bash is quite portable.)-.1 F .016
|
||||
(It currently runs on nearly e)5.016 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E -.15(ve)
|
||||
72 349.8 S .523(rsion of).15 F F4(UNIX)3.023 E F3 .523(and a fe)3.023 F
|
||||
72 361.8 S .523(rsion of).15 F F4(UNIX)3.023 E F3 .523(and a fe)3.023 F
|
||||
3.023(wo)-.25 G .523
|
||||
(ther operating systems \255 an independently-supported port e)-3.023 F
|
||||
.523(xists for OS/2, and)-.15 F .706
|
||||
(there are rumors of ports to DOS and W)72 361.8 R(indo)-.4 E .706
|
||||
(there are rumors of ports to DOS and W)72 373.8 R(indo)-.4 E .706
|
||||
(ws NT)-.25 F 5.706(.P)-.74 G .706(orts to)-5.706 F F5(UNIX)3.206 E F3
|
||||
(-lik)A 3.206(es)-.1 G .706(ystems such as QNX and Minix)-3.206 F
|
||||
(are part of the distrib)72 373.8 Q(ution.)-.2 E .405
|
||||
(The original author of Bash w)97 389.4 R .405(as Brian F)-.1 F .405
|
||||
(are part of the distrib)72 385.8 Q(ution.)-.2 E .405
|
||||
(The original author of Bash w)97 401.4 R .405(as Brian F)-.1 F .405
|
||||
(ox, an emplo)-.15 F .405(yee of the Free Softw)-.1 F .405(are F)-.1 F
|
||||
2.905(oundation. The)-.15 F(cur)2.905 E(-)-.2 E(rent de)72 401.4 Q -.15
|
||||
2.905(oundation. The)-.15 F(cur)2.905 E(-)-.2 E(rent de)72 413.4 Q -.15
|
||||
(ve)-.25 G(loper and maintainer is Chet Rame).15 E 1.3 -.65(y, a v)-.15
|
||||
H(olunteer who w).45 E(orks at Case W)-.1 E(estern Reserv)-.8 E 2.5(eU)
|
||||
-.15 G(ni)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsity).15 E(.)-.65 E F2 2.5(2. What')72
|
||||
425.4 R 2.5(sP)-.37 G(OSIX, anyway?)-2.5 E F1(POSIX)97 441 Q F3 .343
|
||||
437.4 R 2.5(sP)-.37 G(OSIX, anyway?)-2.5 E F1(POSIX)97 453 Q F3 .343
|
||||
(is a name originally coined by Richard Stallman for a f)2.843 F .343
|
||||
(amily of open system standards based)-.1 F(on)72 453 Q F5(UNIX)3.24 E
|
||||
(amily of open system standards based)-.1 F(on)72 465 Q F5(UNIX)3.24 E
|
||||
F3 5.74(.T)C .74(here are a number of aspects of)-5.74 F F5(UNIX)3.24 E
|
||||
F3 .74(under consideration for standardization, from the basic)3.24 F
|
||||
.192(system services at the system call and C library le)72 465 R -.15
|
||||
.192(system services at the system call and C library le)72 477 R -.15
|
||||
(ve)-.25 G 2.692(lt).15 G 2.692(oa)-2.692 G .192
|
||||
(pplications and tools to system administration and)-2.692 F 2.5
|
||||
(management. Each)72 477 R(area of standardization is assigned to a w)
|
||||
(management. Each)72 489 R(area of standardization is assigned to a w)
|
||||
2.5 E(orking group in the 1003 series.)-.1 E 2.814
|
||||
(The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been de)97 492.6 R -.15(ve)
|
||||
(The POSIX Shell and Utilities standard has been de)97 504.6 R -.15(ve)
|
||||
-.25 G 2.814(loped by IEEE W).15 F 2.813(orking Group 1003.2)-.8 F .254
|
||||
(\(POSIX.2\).\210 It concentrates on the command interpreter interf)72
|
||||
504.6 R .253(ace and utility programs commonly e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
|
||||
(cuted).15 E 1.112(from the command line or by other programs.)72 516.6
|
||||
516.6 R .253(ace and utility programs commonly e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
|
||||
(cuted).15 E 1.112(from the command line or by other programs.)72 528.6
|
||||
R 1.112(An initial v)6.112 F 1.113
|
||||
(ersion of the standard has been appro)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.613(da)
|
||||
.15 G(nd)-3.613 E .365(published by the IEEE, and w)72 528.6 R .365
|
||||
.15 G(nd)-3.613 E .365(published by the IEEE, and w)72 540.6 R .365
|
||||
(ork is currently underw)-.1 F .365(ay to update it.)-.1 F .365
|
||||
(There are four primary areas of w)5.365 F(ork)-.1 E
|
||||
(in the 1003.2 standard:)72 540.6 Q 21.5<8341>72 556.2 S .835
|
||||
(in the 1003.2 standard:)72 552.6 Q 21.5<8341>72 568.2 S .835
|
||||
(spects of the shell')-21.5 F 3.335(ss)-.55 G .835
|
||||
(yntax and command language.)-3.335 F 3.335(An)5.835 G .835
|
||||
(umber of special b)-3.335 F .835(uiltins such as)-.2 F F2(cd)3.335 E F3
|
||||
(and)3.335 E F2(exec)97 568.2 Q F3 .545(are being speci\214ed as part o\
|
||||
(and)3.335 E F2(exec)97 580.2 Q F3 .545(are being speci\214ed as part o\
|
||||
f the shell, since their functionality usually cannot be implemented)
|
||||
3.046 F(by a separate e)97 580.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable;).15 E 21.5
|
||||
<8341>72 595.8 S .926
|
||||
3.046 F(by a separate e)97 592.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable;).15 E 21.5
|
||||
<8341>72 607.8 S .926
|
||||
(set of utilities to be called by shell scripts and applications.)
|
||||
-18.074 F .927(Examples are programs lik)5.927 F(e)-.1 E F1 .927
|
||||
(sed, tr)3.427 F(,)-1.11 E F3(and)97 607.8 Q F1(awk.)2.797 E F3 .297
|
||||
(sed, tr)3.427 F(,)-1.11 E F3(and)97 619.8 Q F1(awk.)2.797 E F3 .297
|
||||
(Utilities commonly implemented as shell b)5.297 F .296
|
||||
(uiltins are described in this section, such as)-.2 F F2(test)2.796 E F3
|
||||
(and)97 619.8 Q F2(kill)3.422 E F3 5.922(.A)C 3.422(ne)-5.922 G .922
|
||||
(and)97 631.8 Q F2(kill)3.422 E F3 5.922(.A)C 3.422(ne)-5.922 G .922
|
||||
(xpansion of this section')-3.572 F 3.423(ss)-.55 G .923
|
||||
(cope, termed the User Portability Extension, or UPE, has)-3.423 F
|
||||
(standardized interacti)97 631.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.25 H(rograms such as)
|
||||
.15 E F1(vi)2.5 E F3(and)2.5 E F1(mailx;)2.5 E F3 21.5<8341>72 647.4 S
|
||||
(standardized interacti)97 643.8 Q .3 -.15(ve p)-.25 H(rograms such as)
|
||||
.15 E F1(vi)2.5 E F3(and)2.5 E F1(mailx;)2.5 E F3 21.5<8341>72 659.4 S
|
||||
.288(group of functional interf)-18.712 F .287(aces to services pro)-.1
|
||||
F .287(vided by the shell, such as the traditional)-.15 F/F6 10
|
||||
/Courier@0 SF(system\(\))2.787 E F3 3.289(Cl)97 659.4 S .789
|
||||
/Courier@0 SF(system\(\))2.787 E F3 3.289(Cl)97 671.4 S .789
|
||||
(ibrary function.)-3.289 F .789(There are functions to perform shell w)
|
||||
5.789 F .789(ord e)-.1 F .79(xpansions, perform \214lename e)-.15 F
|
||||
(xpan-)-.15 E .324(sion \()97 671.4 R F1(globbing)A F3 .324
|
||||
(\), obtain v)B .323(alues of POSIX.2 system con\214guration v)-.25 F
|
||||
.323(ariables, retrie)-.25 F .623 -.15(ve v)-.25 H .323(alues of en)-.1
|
||||
F(viron-)-.4 E(ment v)97 683.4 Q(ariables \()-.25 E F6(getenv\(\))A F3
|
||||
(\), and other services;).833 E .32 LW 144 691.4 72 691.4 DL F4
|
||||
(*An earlier v)72 703.2 Q
|
||||
(xpan-)-.15 E 3.624(sion \()97 683.4 R F1(globbing)A F3 3.624
|
||||
(\), obtain v)B 3.624(alues of POSIX.2 system con\214guration v)-.25 F
|
||||
3.623(ariables, retrie)-.25 F 3.923 -.15(ve v)-.25 H 3.623(alues of)-.1
|
||||
F .32 LW 144 691.4 72 691.4 DL F4(*An earlier v)72 703.2 Q
|
||||
(ersion of this article appeared in The Linux Journal.)-.12 E(\210IEEE,)
|
||||
72 715 Q/F7 8/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.231(IEEE Standar)3.231 F 3.231(df)
|
||||
-.296 G 1.231(or Information T)-3.231 F(ec)-.736 E(hnolo)-.12 E 1.231
|
||||
(gy -- P)-.08 F 1.231(ortable Oper)-.64 F 1.232
|
||||
(ating System Interface \(POSIX\) P)-.12 F 1.232(art 2:)-.64 F
|
||||
(Shell and Utilities)72 725 Q F4 2(,1)C(992.)-2 E EP
|
||||
(Shell and Utilities)72 725 Q F4 2(,1)C(992.)-2 E 0 Cg EP
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-2-)282.17 48 Q 21.5<8341>72 84 S
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(suite of \231de)-19 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(lopment\232 utilities such as).15
|
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E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c89)2.5 E F0(\(the POSIX.2 v)2.5 E(ersion of)
|
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-.15 E F1(cc)2.5 E F0(\), and)A F1(yacc.)2.5 E F0 .483
|
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(Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell')97 99.6 R 2.983(sb)
|
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/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(-2-)282.17 48 Q(en)97 84 Q(vironment v)-.4 E
|
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(ariables \()-.25 E/F1 10/Courier@0 SF(getenv\(\))A F0
|
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(\), and other services;).833 E 21.5<8341>72 99.6 S(suite of \231de)-19
|
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E -.15(ve)-.25 G(lopment\232 utilities such as).15 E/F2 10
|
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/Times-Italic@0 SF(c89)2.5 E F0(\(the POSIX.2 v)2.5 E(ersion of)-.15 E
|
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F2(cc)2.5 E F0(\), and)A F2(yacc.)2.5 E F0 .483
|
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(Bash is concerned with the aspects of the shell')97 115.2 R 2.983(sb)
|
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-.55 G(eha)-2.983 E .484(vior de\214ned by POSIX.2.)-.2 F .484
|
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(The shell command)5.484 F 1.439
|
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(language has of course been standardized, including the basic \215o)72
|
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111.6 R 3.938(wc)-.25 G 1.438(ontrol and program e)-3.938 F -.15(xe)-.15
|
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127.2 R 3.938(wc)-.25 G 1.438(ontrol and program e)-3.938 F -.15(xe)-.15
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G 1.438(cution con-).15 F 1.284
|
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(structs, I/O redirection and pipelining, ar)72 123.6 R 1.284
|
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(structs, I/O redirection and pipelining, ar)72 139.2 R 1.284
|
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(gument handling, v)-.18 F 1.284(ariable e)-.25 F 1.284
|
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(xpansion, and quoting.)-.15 F(The)6.285 E F1(special)3.785 E F0 -.2(bu)
|
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72 135.6 S .676
|
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(xpansion, and quoting.)-.15 F(The)6.285 E F2(special)3.785 E F0 -.2(bu)
|
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72 151.2 S .676
|
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(iltins, which must be implemented as part of the shell to pro).2 F .676
|
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(vide the desired functionality)-.15 F 3.176(,a)-.65 G .676
|
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(re speci\214ed)-3.176 F .7(as being part of the shell; e)72 147.6 R .7
|
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(xamples of these are)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)3.201
|
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H(l).15 E F0(and)3.201 E F2(export)3.201 E F0 5.701(.O)C .701
|
||||
(re speci\214ed)-3.176 F .7(as being part of the shell; e)72 163.2 R .7
|
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(xamples of these are)-.15 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 -.15(ev a)3.201
|
||||
H(l).15 E F0(and)3.201 E F3(export)3.201 E F0 5.701(.O)C .701
|
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(ther utilities appear in the sections of)-5.701 F .256(POSIX.2 not de)
|
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72 159.6 R -.2(vo)-.25 G .256(ted to the shell which are commonly \(and\
|
||||
72 175.2 R -.2(vo)-.25 G .256(ted to the shell which are commonly \(and\
|
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in some cases must be\) implemented as b).2 F(uiltin)-.2 E .213
|
||||
(commands, such as)72 171.6 R F2 -.18(re)2.713 G(ad).18 E F0(and)2.713 E
|
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F2(test)2.713 E F0 5.213(.P)C .213
|
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(commands, such as)72 187.2 R F3 -.18(re)2.713 G(ad).18 E F0(and)2.713 E
|
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F3(test)2.713 E F0 5.213(.P)C .213
|
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(OSIX.2 also speci\214es aspects of the shell')-5.213 F 2.713(si)-.55 G
|
||||
(nteracti)-2.713 E .513 -.15(ve b)-.25 H(eha).15 E .214(vior as part)-.2
|
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F .598(of the UPE, including job control and command line editing.)72
|
||||
183.6 R .598(Interestingly enough, only)5.598 F F1(vi)3.098 E F0 .598
|
||||
(-style line edit-)B(ing commands ha)72 195.6 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
|
||||
(een standardized;).15 E F1(emacs)2.5 E F0
|
||||
199.2 R .598(Interestingly enough, only)5.598 F F2(vi)3.098 E F0 .598
|
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(-style line edit-)B(ing commands ha)72 211.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H
|
||||
(een standardized;).15 E F2(emacs)2.5 E F0
|
||||
(editing commands were left out due to objections.)2.5 E 1.128
|
||||
(While POSIX.2 includes much of what the shell has traditionally pro)97
|
||||
211.2 R 1.129(vided, some important things)-.15 F(ha)72 223.2 Q .344
|
||||
226.8 R 1.129(vided, some important things)-.15 F(ha)72 238.8 Q .344
|
||||
-.15(ve b)-.2 H .044(een omitted as being \231be).15 F .044
|
||||
(yond its scope.)-.15 F 5.043<9a54>-.7 G .043
|
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(here is, for instance, no mention of a dif)-5.043 F .043
|
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(ference between a)-.25 F F1(lo)72 235.2 Q(gin)-.1 E F0 1.445
|
||||
(ference between a)-.25 F F2(lo)72 250.8 Q(gin)-.1 E F0 1.445
|
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(shell and an)3.945 F 3.945(yo)-.15 G 1.445(ther interacti)-3.945 F
|
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1.745 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.446
|
||||
(hell \(since POSIX.2 does not specify a login program\).).15 F 1.446
|
||||
(No \214x)6.446 F(ed)-.15 E(startup \214les are de\214ned, either \255 \
|
||||
the standard does not mention)72 247.2 Q F1(.pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0
|
||||
(.)A F2 2.5(3. Basic)72 271.2 R(Bash featur)2.5 E(es)-.18 E F0 1.448
|
||||
(Since the Bourne shell pro)97 286.8 R 1.448
|
||||
the standard does not mention)72 262.8 Q F2(.pr)2.5 E(o\214le)-.45 E F0
|
||||
(.)A F3 2.5(3. Basic)72 286.8 R(Bash featur)2.5 E(es)-.18 E F0 1.448
|
||||
(Since the Bourne shell pro)97 302.4 R 1.448
|
||||
(vides Bash with most of its philosophical underpinnings, Bash inherits)
|
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-.15 F .64(most of its features and functionality from sh.)72 298.8 R
|
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-.15 F .64(most of its features and functionality from sh.)72 314.4 R
|
||||
.641(Bash implements all of the traditional sh \215o)5.641 F 3.141(wc)
|
||||
-.25 G .641(ontrol con-)-3.141 F .8(structs \()72 310.8 R F1(for)A F0(,)
|
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A F1(if)3.3 E F0(,)A F1(while)3.3 E F0 3.3(,e)C 3.3(tc.\). All)-3.3 F
|
||||
-.25 G .641(ontrol con-)-3.141 F .8(structs \()72 326.4 R F2(for)A F0(,)
|
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A F2(if)3.3 E F0(,)A F2(while)3.3 E F0 3.3(,e)C 3.3(tc.\). All)-3.3 F
|
||||
.799(of the Bourne shell b)3.3 F .799
|
||||
(uiltins, including those not speci\214ed in the POSIX.2)-.2 F .536
|
||||
(standard, appear in Bash.)72 322.8 R(Shell)5.536 E F1(functions)3.036 E
|
||||
(standard, appear in Bash.)72 338.4 R(Shell)5.536 E F2(functions)3.036 E
|
||||
F0 3.036(,i)C .536(ntroduced in the SVR2 v)-3.036 F .537
|
||||
(ersion of the Bourne shell, are similar)-.15 F .779
|
||||
(to shell scripts, b)72 334.8 R .779
|
||||
(to shell scripts, b)72 350.4 R .779
|
||||
(ut are de\214ned using a special syntax and are e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G
|
||||
.779(cuted in the same process as the calling).15 F 2.841(shell. Bash)72
|
||||
346.8 R .341(has shell functions which beha)2.841 F .641 -.15(ve i)-.2 H
|
||||
362.4 R .341(has shell functions which beha)2.841 F .641 -.15(ve i)-.2 H
|
||||
2.841(naf).15 G .341(ashion upw)-2.941 F .342
|
||||
(ard-compatible with sh functions.)-.1 F .342(There are)5.342 F 1.447
|
||||
(certain shell v)72 358.8 R 1.446
|
||||
(certain shell v)72 374.4 R 1.446
|
||||
(ariables that Bash interprets in the same w)-.25 F 1.446
|
||||
(ay as sh, such as)-.1 F F2(PS1)3.946 E F0(,)A F2(IFS)3.946 E F0 3.946
|
||||
(,a)C(nd)-3.946 E F2 -.74(PA)3.946 G(TH)-.21 E F0 6.446(.B)C(ash)-6.446
|
||||
E 1.423(implements essentially the same grammar)72 370.8 R 3.924(,p)-.4
|
||||
(ay as sh, such as)-.1 F F3(PS1)3.946 E F0(,)A F3(IFS)3.946 E F0 3.946
|
||||
(,a)C(nd)-3.946 E F3 -.74(PA)3.946 G(TH)-.21 E F0 6.446(.B)C(ash)-6.446
|
||||
E 1.423(implements essentially the same grammar)72 386.4 R 3.924(,p)-.4
|
||||
G 1.424(arameter and v)-3.924 F 1.424(ariable e)-.25 F 1.424
|
||||
(xpansion semantics, redirection, and)-.15 F 1.06
|
||||
(quoting as the Bourne shell.)72 382.8 R 1.06(Where dif)6.06 F 1.06
|
||||
(quoting as the Bourne shell.)72 398.4 R 1.06(Where dif)6.06 F 1.06
|
||||
(ferences appear between the POSIX.2 standard and traditional sh)-.25 F
|
||||
(beha)72 394.8 Q(vior)-.2 E 2.5(,B)-.4 G(ash follo)-2.5 E(ws POSIX.)-.25
|
||||
E 1.608(The K)97 410.4 R 1.608(orn Shell \()-.35 F F2(ksh)A F0 4.108
|
||||
(\)i)C 4.108(sad)-4.108 G 1.608
|
||||
(escendent of the Bourne shell written at A)-4.108 F 1.609
|
||||
(T&T Bell Laboratories by)-1.11 F(Da)72 422.4 Q 1.059(vid K)-.2 F 3.559
|
||||
(orn\207. It)-.35 F(pro)3.559 E 1.059
|
||||
(beha)72 410.4 Q(vior)-.2 E 2.5(,B)-.4 G(ash follo)-2.5 E(ws POSIX.)-.25
|
||||
E 1.608(The K)97 426 R 1.608(orn Shell \()-.35 F F3(ksh)A F0 4.108(\)i)C
|
||||
4.108(sad)-4.108 G 1.608(escendant of the Bourne shell written at A)
|
||||
-4.108 F 1.609(T&T Bell Laboratories by)-1.11 F(Da)72 438 Q 1.059(vid K)
|
||||
-.2 F 3.559(orn\207. It)-.35 F(pro)3.559 E 1.059
|
||||
(vides a number of useful features that POSIX and Bash ha)-.15 F 1.359
|
||||
-.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.558(dopted. Man).15 F 3.558(yo)-.15 G 3.558(ft)-3.558
|
||||
G(he)-3.558 E(interacti)72 434.4 Q 1.312 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.012
|
||||
G(he)-3.558 E(interacti)72 450 Q 1.312 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.012
|
||||
(acilities in POSIX.2 ha).05 F 1.312 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.012
|
||||
(heir roots in the ksh: for e).15 F 1.013
|
||||
(xample, the POSIX and ksh job control)-.15 F -.1(fa)72 446.4 S .513
|
||||
(xample, the POSIX and ksh job control)-.15 F -.1(fa)72 462 S .513
|
||||
(cilities are nearly identical. Bash includes features from the K).1 F
|
||||
.513(orn Shell for both interacti)-.35 F .813 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .513
|
||||
(se and shell).15 F 3.905(programming. F)72 458.4 R 1.405
|
||||
(se and shell).15 F 3.905(programming. F)72 474 R 1.405
|
||||
(or programming, Bash pro)-.15 F 1.405(vides v)-.15 F 1.405
|
||||
(ariables such as)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)3.905 E F0(and)3.905 E F2(REPL)3.905
|
||||
E(Y)-.92 E F0 3.905(,t)C(he)-3.905 E F2(typeset)3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)72
|
||||
470.4 S .398(iltin, the ability to remo).2 F .698 -.15(ve s)-.15 H .398
|
||||
(ariables such as)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)3.905 E F0(and)3.905 E F3(REPL)3.905
|
||||
E(Y)-.92 E F0 3.905(,t)C(he)-3.905 E F3(typeset)3.905 E F0 -.2(bu)72 486
|
||||
S .398(iltin, the ability to remo).2 F .698 -.15(ve s)-.15 H .398
|
||||
(ubstrings from v).15 F .398
|
||||
(ariables based on patterns, and shell arithmetic.)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)
|
||||
5.397 E F0 -.15(ex)72 482.4 S .489
|
||||
(ariables based on patterns, and shell arithmetic.)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)
|
||||
5.397 E F0 -.15(ex)72 498 S .489
|
||||
(pands to a random number each time it is referenced; assigning a v).15
|
||||
F .49(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.99 E F0 .49(seeds the random)2.99 F
|
||||
.055(number generator)72 494.4 R(.)-.55 E F2(REPL)5.055 E(Y)-.92 E F0
|
||||
.054(is the def)2.554 F .054(ault v)-.1 F .054(ariable used by the)-.25
|
||||
F F2 -.18(re)2.554 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.554 G .054(iltin when no v).2
|
||||
F .054(ariable names are sup-)-.25 F .742(plied as ar)72 506.4 R 3.243
|
||||
(guments. The)-.18 F F2(typeset)3.243 E F0 -.2(bu)3.243 G .743
|
||||
F .49(alue to)-.25 F F3(RANDOM)2.99 E F0 .49(seeds the random)2.99 F
|
||||
.055(number generator)72 510 R(.)-.55 E F3(REPL)5.055 E(Y)-.92 E F0 .054
|
||||
(is the def)2.554 F .054(ault v)-.1 F .054(ariable used by the)-.25 F F3
|
||||
-.18(re)2.554 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.554 G .054(iltin when no v).2 F
|
||||
.054(ariable names are sup-)-.25 F .742(plied as ar)72 522 R 3.243
|
||||
(guments. The)-.18 F F3(typeset)3.243 E F0 -.2(bu)3.243 G .743
|
||||
(iltin is used to de\214ne v).2 F .743(ariables and gi)-.25 F 1.043 -.15
|
||||
(ve t)-.25 H .743(hem attrib).15 F .743(utes such as)-.2 F F2 -.18(re)
|
||||
3.243 G(ad-).18 E(only)72 518.4 Q F0 5.512(.B)C .512
|
||||
(ash arithmetic allo)-5.512 F .512(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .511
|
||||
(luation of an e).25 F .511
|
||||
(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F .511(Shell v)5.511
|
||||
F(ari-)-.25 E .222
|
||||
(ables may be used as operands, and the result of an e)72 530.4 R .222
|
||||
(ve t)-.25 H .743(hem attrib).15 F .743(utes such as)-.2 F F3 -.18(re)
|
||||
3.243 G(ad-).18 E(only)72 534 Q F0 5.512(.B)C .512(ash arithmetic allo)
|
||||
-5.512 F .512(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .511(luation of an e).25 F
|
||||
.511(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F .511(Shell v)
|
||||
5.511 F(ari-)-.25 E .222
|
||||
(ables may be used as operands, and the result of an e)72 546 R .222
|
||||
(xpression may be assigned to a v)-.15 F 2.722(ariable. Nearly)-.25 F
|
||||
.222(all of)2.722 F(the operators from the C language are a)72 542.4 Q
|
||||
-.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, with the same precedence rules:).25 E/F3 10
|
||||
/Courier@0 SF 6($e)97 560.4 S(cho $\(\(3 + 5 * 32\)\))-6 E(163)97 572.4
|
||||
Q F0 -.15(Fo)72 594 S 3.24(ri).15 G(nteracti)-3.24 E 1.04 -.15(ve u)-.25
|
||||
H .74(se, Bash implements ksh-style aliases and b).15 F .74
|
||||
(uiltins such as)-.2 F F2(fc)3.24 E F0 .74(\(discussed belo)3.24 F .74
|
||||
(w\) and)-.25 F F2(jobs)3.24 E F0(.)A .291(Bash aliases allo)72 606 R
|
||||
2.791(was)-.25 G .291(tring to be substituted for a command name.)-2.791
|
||||
F(The)5.291 E 2.791(yc)-.15 G .291(an be used to create a mnemonic)
|
||||
-2.791 F .568(for a)72 618 R/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)3.068 E F0 .568
|
||||
(command name \()3.068 F F3 .568(alias del=rm)B F0 .568(\), to e)B .567
|
||||
.222(all of)2.722 F(the operators from the C language are a)72 558 Q
|
||||
-.25(va)-.2 G(ilable, with the same precedence rules:).25 E F1 6($e)97
|
||||
576 S(cho $\(\(3 + 5 * 32\)\))-6 E(163)97 588 Q F0 -.15(Fo)72 609.6 S
|
||||
3.24(ri).15 G(nteracti)-3.24 E 1.04 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .74
|
||||
(se, Bash implements ksh-style aliases and b).15 F .74(uiltins such as)
|
||||
-.2 F F3(fc)3.24 E F0 .74(\(discussed belo)3.24 F .74(w\) and)-.25 F F3
|
||||
(jobs)3.24 E F0(.)A .291(Bash aliases allo)72 621.6 R 2.791(was)-.25 G
|
||||
.291(tring to be substituted for a command name.)-2.791 F(The)5.291 E
|
||||
2.791(yc)-.15 G .291(an be used to create a mnemonic)-2.791 F .568
|
||||
(for a)72 633.6 R/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)3.068 E F0 .568
|
||||
(command name \()3.068 F F1 .568(alias del=rm)B F0 .568(\), to e)B .567
|
||||
(xpand a single w)-.15 F .567(ord to a comple)-.1 F 3.067(xc)-.15 G .567
|
||||
(ommand \()-3.067 F F3(alias)A .255
|
||||
(news='xterm -g 80x45 -title trn -e trn -e -S1 -N &')72 630 R F0 .255
|
||||
(\), or to ensure that a command)B(is in)72 642 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2
|
||||
G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith a basic set of options \()-2.5 E F3
|
||||
(alias ls="/bin/ls -F")A F0(\).)A .293(The C shell \()97 657.6 R F2(csh)
|
||||
(ommand \()-3.067 F F1(alias)A .255
|
||||
(news='xterm -g 80x45 -title trn -e trn -e -S1 -N &')72 645.6 R F0 .255
|
||||
(\), or to ensure that a command)B(is in)72 657.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke)
|
||||
.2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith a basic set of options \()-2.5 E F1
|
||||
(alias ls="/bin/ls -F")A F0(\).)A .293(The C shell \()97 673.2 R F3(csh)
|
||||
A F0 .293(\)\207, originally written by Bill Jo)B 2.792(yw)-.1 G .292
|
||||
(hile at Berk)-2.792 F(ele)-.1 E 1.592 -.65(y, i)-.15 H 2.792(sw).65 G
|
||||
.292(idely used and quite popular)-2.792 F 1.499(for its interacti)72
|
||||
669.6 R 1.799 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 3.999(acilities. Bash).05 F 1.499
|
||||
685.2 R 1.799 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 3.999(acilities. Bash).05 F 1.499
|
||||
(includes a csh-compatible history e)3.999 F 1.5
|
||||
(xpansion mechanism \(\231! history\232\),)-.15 F .019(brace e)72 681.6
|
||||
R .018(xpansion, access to a stack of directories via the)-.15 F F2
|
||||
(pushd)2.518 E F0(,)A F2(popd)2.518 E F0 2.518(,a)C(nd)-2.518 E F2(dirs)
|
||||
(xpansion mechanism \(\231! history\232\),)-.15 F .019(brace e)72 697.2
|
||||
R .018(xpansion, access to a stack of directories via the)-.15 F F3
|
||||
(pushd)2.518 E F0(,)A F3(popd)2.518 E F0 2.518(,a)C(nd)-2.518 E F3(dirs)
|
||||
2.518 E F0 -.2(bu)2.518 G .018(iltins, and tilde e).2 F(xpansion,)-.15 E
|
||||
1.293(to generate users' home directories.)72 693.6 R -.35(Ti)6.294 G
|
||||
1.293(to generate users' home directories.)72 709.2 R -.35(Ti)6.294 G
|
||||
1.294(lde e).35 F 1.294(xpansion has also been adopted by both the K)
|
||||
-.15 F 1.294(orn Shell and)-.35 F .32 LW 144 708.2 72 708.2 DL/F5 8
|
||||
/Times-Roman@0 SF(\207Morris Bolsk)72 720 Q 2(ya)-.12 G(nd Da)-2 E
|
||||
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|
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(and a function with the same name, local v)72 398.4 R .282
|
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(ariables in shell functions, the ability to enable and disable indi-)
|
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-.25 F .547(vidual b)72 410.4 R .547
|
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|
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(uiltins or write a function to replace a b)-.2 F 1.533
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(uiltin, or a means to e)-.2 F 1.533(xport a shell function to a child)
|
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-.15 F(process.)72 422.4 Q .32
|
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(Bash has closed a long-standing shell security hole by not using the)97
|
||||
438 R F1($IFS)2.82 E F0 -.25(va)2.82 G .32(riable to split each w).25 F
|
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(ord)-.1 E 1.254(read by the shell, b)72 450 R 1.254
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@ -580,11 +603,11 @@ E F1($ENV)2.842 E F0 2.841(,i)C 2.841(fs)-2.841 G .341
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(\207Bill Jo)72 717 R 1.599 -.52(y, A)-.08 H 2.559(nI).52 G .559
|
||||
(\207Bill Jo)72 715.2 R 1.599 -.52(y, A)-.08 H 2.559(nI).52 G .559
|
||||
(ntroduction to the C Shell,)-2.559 F/F5 8/Times-Italic@0 SF .558
|
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(UNIX User')2.558 F 2.558(sS)-.32 G .558(upplementary Documents)-2.558 F
|
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|
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|
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|
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e)72 283.2 R(gin)-.15 E(to use them almost immediately)72 295.2 Q(.)-.65
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|
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.851(iltin for more dyamic control of readline than the startup \214le \
|
||||
permits.).2 F F1(Bind)72 322.8 Q F0 .25(is used in se)2.75 F -.15(ve)
|
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E .518(Bash implements the)97 310.8 R F1(bind)3.018 E F0 -.2(bu)3.018 G
|
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.518(iltin for more dynamic control of readline than the startup \214le\
|
||||
permits.).2 F F1(Bind)72 322.8 Q F0 .25(is used in se)2.75 F -.15(ve)
|
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2.75 E F0 .25(mode, it can display the current k)2.75 F .55 -.15(ey b)
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|
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|
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(and the readline library)72 570 R 5.077(.B)-.65 G .077(ash pro)-5.077 F
|
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|
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2.89 E F1(fc)2.89 E F0 -.2(bu)2.89 G .39
|
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(iltins to manipulate the history list.).2 F .391(The v)5.391 F .391
|
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(alue of)-.25 F F1($HISTFILE)2.891 E F0 .391(specifes the \214le where)
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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(pare the outputs of tw)72 660 Q 2.5(od)-.1 G(if)-2.5 E(ferent v)-.25 E
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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(ariables de\214ned by POSIX.2, and a)-.25 F F1(diso)3.911 E(wn)-.1 E F0
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|
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3.847<6f99>.15 G(for)-3.847 E 1.347
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(get about\232 one or more background jobs in its internal jobs)-.18 F
|
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3.465(table. Using)72 120 R F1(getconf)3.465 E F0 3.465(,f)C .965(or e)
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-3.465 F .965(xample, a user could retrie)-.15 F 1.264 -.15(ve a v)-.25
|
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H .964(alue for)-.1 F F1($P)3.464 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .964
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|
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-.2(bu)3.911 G 1.411(iltin, which causes a).2 F .547
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(shell running with job control acti)72 108 R .847 -.15(ve t)-.25 H
|
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3.047<6f99>.15 G(for)-3.047 E .547
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-3.866 F 1.366(xample, a user could retrie)-.15 F 1.666 -.15(ve a v)-.25
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H 1.365(alue for)-.1 F F1($P)3.865 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.365
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(POSIX standard utilities, or \214nd out ho)72 132 R 3.385(wl)-.25 G
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.885
|
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(ong \214lenames may be in the \214le system containing a speci\214ed)
|
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|
|
@ -1368,7 +1391,7 @@ E F0(for more information.)2.5 E .694(Bash is also distrib)97 656.4 R
|
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-.15(ve)-.25 G .948(ral Linux distrib).15 F .948
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(utions \(more about the dif)-.2 F .948
|
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(ference in a moment\), and as contrib)-.25 F(uted)-.2 E .32 LW 144
|
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678.2 72 678.2 DL/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF .781
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(\207S. R. Bourne, \231UNIX T)72 688.2 R .781(ime-Sharing System:)-.28 F
|
||||
.781(The UNIX Shell\232,)4.781 F/F6 8/Times-Italic@0 SF .78
|
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(Bell System T)2.78 F(ec)-.736 E .78(hnical J)-.12 F(ournal)-.2 E F5
|
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|
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|
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(f, \231Rc \255 A Shell for Plan 9 and)-.2 F/F7 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(UNIX)
|
||||
2.432 E F5(systems\232,)2.432 E F6(Pr)2.432 E .432
|
||||
(oc. of the Summer 1990 EUUG Confer)-.36 F(ence)-.296 E F5 2.432(,L)C
|
||||
(on-)-2.432 E(don, July)72 720 Q 2(,1)-.52 G(990, pp. 21-33.)-2 E EP
|
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|
|||
(ral thousand re).15 F 1.515(gular users, and their feedback has)-.15 F
|
||||
(helped to mak)72 235.2 Q 2.5(ei)-.1 G 2.5(ta)-2.5 G 2.5(sg)-2.5 G
|
||||
(ood as it is today \255 a testament to the bene\214ts of free softw)
|
||||
-2.5 E(are.)-.1 E .32 LW 144 708.2 72 708.2 DL/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF
|
||||
-2.5 E(are.)-.1 E .32 LW 144 710 72 710 DL/F4 8/Times-Roman@0 SF
|
||||
(*BSD/386 is a trademark of Berk)72 720 Q(ele)-.08 E 2(yS)-.12 G(oftw)-2
|
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E(are Design, Inc.)-.08 E EP
|
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%%Trailer
|
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end
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%%EOF
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|
|||
.\" This is a hack to force bash builtins into the whatis database
|
||||
.\" and to get the list of builtins to come up with the man command.
|
||||
.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.0"
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.\" File Name macro. This used to be `.PN', for Path Name,
|
||||
.\" but Sun doesn't seem to like that very much.
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.de FN
|
||||
\fI\|\\$1\|\fP
|
||||
..
|
||||
.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.2"
|
||||
.SH NAME
|
||||
bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller,
|
||||
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|
||||
|
|
|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
+o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the ..
|
||||
+o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the ..
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
+o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
|
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|
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%!PS-Adobe-3.0
|
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%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
|
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%%CreationDate: Tue Dec 28 14:30:24 2010
|
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%%CreationDate: Mon Feb 24 08:28:31 2014
|
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%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
|
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%%+ font Times-Bold
|
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%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
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%%PageOrder: Ascend
|
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%%DocumentMedia: Default 595 842 0 () ()
|
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|
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%%EndComments
|
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%%BeginDefaults
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|
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%%EndProlog
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%%BeginFeature: *PageSize Default
|
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|
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grops begin/DEFS 1 dict def DEFS begin/u{.001 mul}bind def end/RES 72
|
||||
def/PL 841.89 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron
|
||||
/Zcaron/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef
|
||||
def/PL 792 def/LS false def/ENC0[/asciicircum/asciitilde/Scaron/Zcaron
|
||||
/scaron/zcaron/Ydieresis/trademark/quotesingle/Euro/.notdef/.notdef
|
||||
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
|
||||
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef
|
||||
/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent
|
||||
/.notdef/.notdef/space/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent
|
||||
/ampersand/quoteright/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen
|
||||
/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon
|
||||
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|
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|
|
@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ E F0(\(1\))A F1(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 112.8 Q F0(If)108 124.8 Q F2(bash)
|
|||
G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G
|
||||
(SH_ENV).27 E F0 32.5<8373>108 199.2 S
|
||||
(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
|
||||
216 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0
|
||||
216 S(pecifying a \214lename containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0
|
||||
(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G
|
||||
(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8373>108 232.8 S .45
|
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(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .449
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|
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|
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|
|||
@ignore
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
||||
@end ignore
|
||||
|
||||
@set LASTCHANGE Tue Dec 28 13:41:22 EST 2010
|
||||
@set LASTCHANGE Sun Feb 2 16:22:00 EST 2014
|
||||
|
||||
@set EDITION 4.2
|
||||
@set VERSION 4.2
|
||||
@set UPDATED 28 December 2010
|
||||
@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2010
|
||||
@set EDITION 4.3
|
||||
@set VERSION 4.3
|
||||
@set UPDATED 2 February 2014
|
||||
@set UPDATED-MONTH February 2014
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Add table
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Reference in a new issue