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doc/FAQ
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.11, for Bash version 4.1.
This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.12, for Bash version 4.2.
This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning
Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command
@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ A10) What is the bash `posix mode'?
Section B: The latest version
B1) What's new in version 4.1?
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and
B1) What's new in version 4.2?
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and
previous bash versions?
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
@ -144,26 +144,26 @@ of Case Western Reserve University.
A2) What's the latest version?
The latest version is 4.1, first made available on 31 December, 2009.
The latest version is 4.2, first made available on 14 February, 2011.
A3) Where can I get it?
Bash is the GNU project's shell, and so is available from the
master GNU archive site, ftp.gnu.org, and its mirrors. The
latest version is also available for FTP from ftp.cwru.edu.
The following URLs tell how to get version 4.1:
The following URLs tell how to get version 4.2:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2.tar.gz
Formatted versions of the documentation are available with the URLs:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.1.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-doc-4.2.tar.gz
Any patches for the current version are available with the URL:
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.1-patches/
ftp://ftp.cwru.edu/pub/bash/bash-4.2-patches/
A4) On what machines will bash run?
@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Mark began to work with bash-2.05, but I don't know the current status.
Bash-3.0 compiles and runs with no modifications under Microsoft's Services
for Unix (SFU), once known as Interix. I do not anticipate any problems
with building bash-4.1, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed.
with building bash-4.2, but will gladly accept any patches that are needed.
A6) How can I build bash with gcc?
@ -388,14 +388,88 @@ They are also listed in a section in the Bash Reference Manual
Section B: The latest version
B1) What's new in version 4.1?
B1) What's new in version 4.2?
Bash-4.1 is the first revision to the fourth major release of bash.
Bash-4.2 is the second revision to the fourth major release of bash.
Bash-4.1 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.1
Bash-4.2 contains the following new features (see the manual page for
complete descriptions and the CHANGES and NEWS files in the bash-4.2
distribution):
o `exec -a foo' now sets $0 to `foo' in an executable shell script without a
leading #!.
o Subshells begun to execute command substitutions or run shell functions or
builtins in subshells do not reset trap strings until a new trap is
specified. This allows $(trap) to display the caller's traps and the
trap strings to persist until a new trap is set.
o `trap -p' will now show signals ignored at shell startup, though their
disposition still cannot be modified.
o $'...', echo, and printf understand \uXXXX and \UXXXXXXXX escape sequences.
o declare/typeset has a new `-g' option, which creates variables in the
global scope even when run in a shell function.
o test/[/[[ have a new -v variable unary operator, which returns success if
`variable' has been set.
o Posix parsing changes to allow `! time command' and multiple consecutive
instances of `!' (which toggle) and `time' (which have no cumulative
effect).
o Posix change to allow `time' as a command by itself to print the elapsed
user, system, and real times for the shell and its children.
o $((...)) is always parsed as an arithmetic expansion first, instead of as
a potential nested command substitution, as Posix requires.
o A new FUNCNEST variable to allow the user to control the maximum shell
function nesting (recursive execution) level.
o The mapfile builtin now supplies a third argument to the callback command:
the line about to be assigned to the supplied array index.
o The printf builtin has as new %(fmt)T specifier, which allows time values
to use strftime-like formatting.
o There is a new `compat41' shell option.
o The cd builtin has a new Posix-mandated `-e' option.
o Negative subscripts to indexed arrays, previously errors, now are treated
as offsets from the maximum assigned index + 1.
o Negative length specifications in the ${var:offset:length} expansion,
previously errors, are now treated as offsets from the end of the variable.
o Parsing change to allow `time -p --'.
o Posix-mode parsing change to not recognize `time' as a keyword if the
following token begins with a `-'. This means no more Posix-mode
`time -p'. Posix interpretation 267.
o There is a new `lastpipe' shell option that runs the last command of a
pipeline in the current shell context. The lastpipe option has no
effect if job control is enabled.
o History expansion no longer expands the `$!' variable expansion.
o Posix mode shells no longer exit if a variable assignment error occurs
with an assignment preceding a command that is not a special builtin.
o Non-interactive mode shells exit if -u is enabled an an attempt is made
to use an unset variable with the % or # expansions, the `//', `^', or
`,' expansions, or the parameter length expansion.
o Posix-mode shells use the argument passed to `.' as-is if a $PATH search
fails, effectively searching the current directory. Posix-2008 change.
A short feature history dating back to Bash-2.0:
Bash-4.1 contained the following new features:
o Here-documents within $(...) command substitutions may once more be
delimited by the closing right paren, instead of requiring a newline.
@ -502,8 +576,6 @@ o New bindable readline variable: enable-meta-key. Controls whether or not
readline sends the smm/rmm sequences if the terminal indicates it has a
meta key that enables eight-bit characters.
A short feature history dating from Bash-2.0:
Bash-4.0 contained the following new features:
o When using substring expansion on the positional parameters, a starting
@ -901,14 +973,14 @@ grammar tighter and smaller (66 reduce-reduce conflicts gone)
lots of code now smaller and faster
test suite greatly expanded
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.1 and
B2) Are there any user-visible incompatibilities between bash-4.2 and
previous bash versions?
There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.1 and previous
There are a few incompatibilities between version 4.2 and previous
versions. They are detailed in the file COMPAT in the bash distribution.
That file is not meant to be all-encompassing; send mail to
bash-maintainers@gnu.org (or bug-bash@gnu.org if you would like
community discussion) if if you find something that's not mentioned there.
community discussion) if you find something that's not mentioned there.
Section C: Differences from other Unix shells
@ -1118,7 +1190,7 @@ C3) Which new features in ksh-93 are not in bash, and which are?
This list is current through ksh93t+ (05/05/2009)
New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1:
New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.2:
floating point arithmetic and variables
math library functions
${!name[sub]} name of subscript for associative array
@ -1140,7 +1212,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1:
`fc' has been renamed to `hist'
`.' can execute shell functions
getopts -a
printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %T, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag
printf %B, %H, %P, %R, %Z modifiers, output base for %d, `=' flag
read -n/-N differ/-v
set -o showme/-o multiline (bash default)
`sleep' and `getconf' builtins (bash has loadable versions)
@ -1148,16 +1220,14 @@ New things in ksh-93 not in bash-4.1:
[[ -R name ]] (checks whether or not name is a nameref)
typeset -C/-S/-T/-X/-h/-s
experimental `type' definitions (a la typedef) using typeset
negative subscripts for indexed array variables
array expansions ${array[sub1..sub2]} and ${!array[sub1..sub2]}
associative array assignments using `;' as element separator
command substitution $(n<#) expands to current byte offset for fd N
new '${ ' form of command substitution, executed in current shell
new >;/<>;/<#pat/<##pat/<#/># redirections
brace expansion printf-like formats
[[ -v var ]] operators (checks whether or not var is set)
New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.2:
associative arrays
[n]<&word- and [n]>&word- redirections (combination dup and close)
for (( expr1; expr2; expr3 )) ; do list; done - arithmetic for command
@ -1165,6 +1235,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
expansions: ${!param}, ${param:offset[:len]}, ${param/pat[/str]},
${!param*}
compound array assignment
negative subscripts for indexed array variables
the `!' reserved word
loadable builtins -- but ksh uses `builtin' while bash uses `enable'
new $'...' and $"..." quoting
@ -1174,6 +1245,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
`command', `builtin', `disown' builtins
echo -e
exec -c/-a
printf %T modifier
read -A (bash uses read -a)
read -t/-d
trap -p
@ -1193,6 +1265,7 @@ New things in ksh-93 present in bash-4.1:
negative offsets in ${param:offset:length}
redirection operators preceded with {varname} to store fd number in varname
DEBUG can force skipping following command
[[ -v var ]] operator (checks whether or not var is set)
Section D: Why does bash do some things differently than other Unix shells?
@ -1778,7 +1851,8 @@ compat40 set
- the < and > operators to the [[ command do not consider the current
locale when comparing strings
- interrupting a command list such as "a ; b ; c" causes the execution
of the entire list to be aborted
of the entire list to be aborted (in versions before bash-4.0,
interrupting one command in a list caused the next to be executed)
Section F: Things to watch out for on certain Unix versions

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@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ html: ${HTMLFILES}
pdf: ${PDFFILES}
bashref.dvi: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi
${SET_TEXINPUTS} $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi || { ${RM} $@ ; exit 1; }
bashref.info: $(BASHREF_FILES) $(HSUSER) $(RLUSER)
$(MAKEINFO) --no-split -I$(TEXINPUTDIR) $(srcdir)/bashref.texi

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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED},
of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual},
for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}.
Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@ -522,6 +522,12 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
@item \x@var{HH}
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
(one or two hex digits)
@item \u@var{HHHH}
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
@item \c@var{x}
a control-@var{x} character
@end table
@ -590,6 +596,7 @@ some other grouping.
* Lists:: How to execute commands sequentially.
* Compound Commands:: Shell commands for control flow.
* Coprocesses:: Two-way communication between commands.
* GNU Parallel:: Running commands in parallel.
@end menu
@node Simple Commands
@ -641,6 +648,9 @@ The statistics currently consist of elapsed (wall-clock) time and
user and system time consumed by the command's execution.
The @option{-p} option changes the output format to that specified
by @sc{posix}.
When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}),
it does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
token begins with a @samp{-}.
The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be set to a format string that
specifies how the timing information should be displayed.
@xref{Bash Variables}, for a description of the available formats.
@ -648,6 +658,12 @@ The use of @code{time} as a reserved word permits the timing of
shell builtins, shell functions, and pipelines. An external
@code{time} command cannot time these easily.
When the shell is in @sc{posix} mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}), @code{time}
may be followed by a newline. In this case, the shell displays the
total user and system time consumed by the shell and its children.
The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable may be used to specify the format of
the time information.
If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the
shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete.
@ -804,7 +820,7 @@ until it evaluates to zero.
Each time @var{expr2} evaluates to a non-zero value, @var{commands} are
executed and the arithmetic expression @var{expr3} is evaluated.
If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1.
The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{list}
The return value is the exit status of the last command in @var{commands}
that is executed, or false if any of the expressions is invalid.
@end table
@ -979,7 +995,7 @@ substitution, and quote removal are performed.
Conditional operators such as @samp{-f} must be unquoted to be recognized
as primaries.
When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
When used with @samp{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
When the @samp{==} and @samp{!=} operators are used, the string to the
@ -1119,13 +1135,88 @@ command (@pxref{Redirections}).
The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands
and redirections using standard word expansions.
The process id of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is
available as the value of the variable @var{NAME}_PID.
The @code{wait}
builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate.
The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of @var{command}.
@node GNU Parallel
@subsection GNU Parallel
GNU Parallel, as its name suggests, can be used to build and run commands
in parallel. You may run the same command with different arguments, whether
they are filenames, usernames, hostnames, or lines read from files.
For a complete description, refer to the GNU Parallel documentation. A few
examples should provide a brief introduction to its use.
For example, it is easy to prefix each line in a text file with a specified
string:
@example
cat file | parallel -k echo prefix_string
@end example
@noindent
The @option{-k} option is required to preserve the lines' order.
Similarly, you can append a specified string to each line in a text file:
@example
cat file | parallel -k echo @{@} append_string
@end example
You can use Parallel to move files from the current directory when the
number of files is too large to process with one @code{mv} invocation:
@example
ls | parallel mv @{@} destdir
@end example
As you can see, the @{@} is replaced with each line read from standard input.
This will run as many @code{mv} commands as there are files in the current
directory. You can emulate a parallel @code{xargs} by adding the @option{-X}
option:
@example
ls | parallel -X mv @{@} destdir
@end example
GNU Parallel can replace certain common idioms that operate on lines read
from a file (in this case, filenames):
@example
for x in $(cat list); do
do-something1 $x config-$x
do-something2 < $x
done | process-output
@end example
@noindent
with a more compact syntax reminiscent of lambdas:
@example
cat list | parallel "do-something1 @{@} config-@{@} ; do-something2 < @{@}" | process-output
@end example
Parallel provides a built-in mechanism to remove filename extensions, which
lends itself to batch file transformations or renaming:
@example
ls *.gz | parallel -j+0 "zcat @{@} | bzip2 >@{.@}.bz2 && rm @{@}"
@end example
@noindent
This will recompress all files in the current directory with names ending
in .gz using bzip2, running one job per CPU (-j+0) in parallel.
If a command generates output, you may want to preserve the input order in
the output. For instance, the following command
@example
@{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel traceroute
@end example
@noindent
will display as output the traceroute invocation that finishes first. Using
the @option{-k} option, as we saw above
@example
@{ echo foss.org.my ; echo debian.org; echo freenetproject.org; @} | parallel -k traceroute
@end example
@noindent
will ensure that the output of @code{traceroute foss.org.my} is displayed first.
@node Shell Functions
@section Shell Functions
@cindex shell function
@ -1142,7 +1233,8 @@ shell context; no new process is created to interpret them.
Functions are declared using this syntax:
@rwindex function
@example
[ @code{function} ] @var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
@var{name} () @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]@*or@*
@code{function} @var{name} [()] @var{compound-command} [ @var{redirections} ]
@end example
This defines a shell function named @var{name}. The reserved
@ -1198,6 +1290,11 @@ shell option has been enabled.
@xref{Bourne Shell Builtins}, for the description of the
@code{trap} builtin.
The @env{FUNCNEST} variable, if set to a numeric value greater
than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function
invocations that exceed the limit cause the entire command to
abort.
If the builtin command @code{return}
is executed in a function, the function completes and
execution resumes with the next command after the function
@ -1232,8 +1329,10 @@ in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the
shell's children.
Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem.
Functions may be recursive. No limit is placed on the number of
recursive calls.
Functions may be recursive.
The @code{FUNCNEST} variable may be used to limit the depth of the
function call stack and restrict the number of function invocations.
By default, no limit is placed on the number of recursive calls.
@node Shell Parameters
@section Shell Parameters
@ -1283,7 +1382,7 @@ In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value
to a shell variable or array index (@pxref{Arrays}), the @samp{+=}
operator can be used to
append to or add to the variable's previous value.
When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the integer attribute
When @samp{+=} is applied to a variable for which the @var{integer} attribute
has been set, @var{value} is evaluated as an arithmetic expression and
added to the variable's current value, which is also evaluated.
When @samp{+=} is applied to an array variable using compound assignment
@ -1618,7 +1717,7 @@ Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
than the value of @var{parameter} itself.
This is known as @code{indirect expansion}.
The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix*}@}
The exceptions to this are the expansions of $@{!@var{prefix}@*@}
and $@{!@var{name}[@@]@}
described below.
The exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to
@ -1672,9 +1771,13 @@ If @var{length} is omitted, expands to the substring of
(@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}).
This is referred to as Substring Expansion.
@var{length} must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
If @var{offset} evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
is used as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter}.
If @var{length} evaluates to a number less than zero, and @var{parameter}
is not @samp{@@} and not an indexed or associative array, it is interpreted
as an offset from the end of the value of @var{parameter} rather than
a number of characters, and the expansion is the characters between the
two offsets.
If @var{parameter} is @samp{@@}, the result is @var{length} positional
parameters beginning at @var{offset}.
If @var{parameter} is an indexed array name subscripted
@ -2838,7 +2941,7 @@ The return status is zero unless @var{n} is not greater than or equal to 1.
@item cd
@btindex cd
@example
cd [-L|-P] [@var{directory}]
cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [@var{directory}]
@end example
Change the current working directory to @var{directory}.
If @var{directory} is not given, the value of the @env{HOME} shell
@ -2848,6 +2951,10 @@ If @var{directory} begins with a slash, @env{CDPATH} is not used.
The @option{-P} option means to not follow symbolic links; symbolic
links are followed by default or with the @option{-L} option.
If the @option{-e} option is supplied with @option{-P}
and the current working directory cannot be successfully determined
after a successful directory change, @code{cd} will return an unsuccessful
status.
If @var{directory} is @samp{-}, it is equivalent to @env{$OLDPWD}.
If a non-empty directory name from @env{CDPATH} is used, or if
@ -2954,7 +3061,7 @@ invocation if a new set of parameters is to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, @code{getopts} exits with a
return value greater than zero.
@env{OPTIND} is set to the index of the first non-option argument,
and @code{name} is set to @samp{?}.
and @var{name} is set to @samp{?}.
@code{getopts}
normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are
@ -2986,10 +3093,12 @@ If @code{getopts} is silent, then a colon (@samp{:}) is placed in
@example
hash [-r] [-p @var{filename}] [-dt] [@var{name}]
@end example
Remember the full pathnames of commands specified as @var{name} arguments,
Each time @code{hash} is invoked, it remembers the full pathnames of the
commands specified as @var{name} arguments,
so they need not be searched for on subsequent invocations.
The commands are found by searching through the directories listed in
@env{$PATH}.
Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded.
The @option{-p} option inhibits the path search, and @var{filename} is
used as the location of @var{name}.
The @option{-r} option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
@ -3023,7 +3132,7 @@ is supplied.
@item readonly
@btindex readonly
@example
readonly [-aApf] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{}
readonly [-aAf] [-p] [@var{name}[=@var{value}]] @dots{}
@end example
Mark each @var{name} as readonly.
The values of these names may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
@ -3032,8 +3141,11 @@ function.
The @option{-a} option means each @var{name} refers to an indexed
array variable; the @option{-A} option means each @var{name} refers
to an associative array variable.
If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
If no @var{name} arguments are given, or if the @option{-p}
option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.
The other options may be used to restrict the output to a subset of
the set of readonly names.
The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a format that
may be reused as input.
If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of
@ -3093,6 +3205,7 @@ be a @code{]}.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in
decreasing order of precedence.
The evaluation depends on the number of arguments; see below.
Operator precedence is used when there are five or more arguments.
@table @code
@item ! @var{expr}
@ -3129,6 +3242,7 @@ If the first argument is not a valid unary operator, the expression is
false.
@item 3 arguments
The following conditions are applied in the order listed.
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators (@pxref{Bash Conditional Expressions}), the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test using the
@ -3153,6 +3267,9 @@ The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence
using the rules listed above.
@end table
When used with @code{test} or @samp{[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>}
operators sort lexicographically using ASCII ordering.
@item times
@btindex times
@example
@ -3448,6 +3565,11 @@ If the @code{extdebug} shell option is enabled using @code{shopt}
(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), the source file name and line number where
the function is defined are displayed as well.
@option{-F} implies @option{-f}.
The @option{-g} option forces variables to be created or modified at
the global scope, even when @code{declare} is executed in a shell function.
It is ignored in all other cases.
The following options can be used to restrict output to variables with
the specified attributes or to give variables attributes:
@ -3496,8 +3618,9 @@ with the exceptions that @samp{+a}
may not be used to destroy an array variable and @samp{+r} will not
remove the readonly attribute.
When used in a function, @code{declare} makes each @var{name} local,
as with the @code{local} command. If a variable name is followed by
=@var{value}, the value of the variable is set to @var{value}.
as with the @code{local} command, unless the @samp{-g} option is used.
If a variable name is followed by =@var{value}, the value of the variable
is set to @var{value}.
The return status is zero unless an invalid option is encountered,
an attempt is made to define a function using @samp{-f foo=bar},
@ -3536,6 +3659,7 @@ backspace
@item \c
suppress further output
@item \e
@itemx \E
escape
@item \f
form feed
@ -3555,6 +3679,12 @@ the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn}
@item \x@var{HH}
the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH}
(one or two hex digits)
@item \u@var{HHHH}
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
@var{HHHH} (one to four hex digits)
@item \U@var{HHHHHHHH}
the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value
@var{HHHHHHHH} (one to eight hex digits)
@end table
@item enable
@ -3679,7 +3809,8 @@ Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}.
If @option{-C} is specified without @option{-c},
the default quantum is 5000.
When @var{callback} is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next
array element to be assigned as an additional argument.
array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element
as additional arguments.
@var{callback} is evaluated after the line is read but before the
array element is assigned.
@ -3697,22 +3828,40 @@ printf [-v @var{var}] @var{format} [@var{arguments}]
@end example
Write the formatted @var{arguments} to the standard output under the
control of the @var{format}.
The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output.
The @var{format} is a character string which contains three types of objects:
plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character
escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output, and
format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
@var{argument}.
In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @samp{%b} causes
@code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding
@var{argument},
In addition to the standard @code{printf(1)} formats, @code{printf}
interprets the following extensions:
@table @code
@item %b
causes @code{printf} to expand backslash escape sequences in the
corresponding @var{argument},
(except that @samp{\c} terminates output, backslashes in
@samp{\'}, @samp{\"}, and @samp{\?} are not removed, and octal escapes
beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits),
and @samp{%q} causes @code{printf} to output the
beginning with @samp{\0} may contain up to four digits).
@item %q
causes @code{printf} to output the
corresponding @var{argument} in a format that can be reused as shell input.
@item %(@var{datefmt})T
causes @code{printf} to output the date-time string resulting from using
@var{datefmt} as a format string for @code{strftime}(3). The corresponding
@var{argument} is an integer representing the number of seconds since the
epoch. Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current
time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked.
@end table
The @option{-v} option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
@var{var} rather than being printed to the standard output.
@noindent
Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C language constants,
except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and if the leading
character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of
the following character.
The @var{format} is reused as necessary to consume all of the @var{arguments}.
If the @var{format} requires more @var{arguments} than are supplied, the
@ -3939,7 +4088,8 @@ The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds.
The maximum number of processes available to a single user.
@item -v
The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the process.
The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell, and, on
some systems, to its children.
@item -x
The maximum number of file locks.
@ -3999,8 +4149,8 @@ parameters, or to display the names and values of shell variables.
@item set
@btindex set
@example
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [-o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
set [+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT] [+o @var{option-name}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
@end example
If no options or arguments are supplied, @code{set} displays the names
@ -4361,7 +4511,29 @@ easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
@item compat31
If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted
arguments to the conditional command's =~ operator.
arguments to the conditional command's @samp{=~} operator.
@item compat32
If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 with respect to locale-specific
string comparison when using the @samp{[[}
conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators.
Bash versions prior to bash-4.0 use ASCII collation and strcmp(3);
bash-4.1 and later use the current locale's collation sequence and strcoll(3).
@item compat40
If set, Bash
changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 with respect to locale-specific
string comparison when using the @samp{[[}
conditional command's @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators (see previous item)
and the effect of interrupting a command list.
@item compat41
If set, Bash, when in posix mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted
parameter expansion as a special character. The single quotes must match
(an even number) and the characters between the single quotes are considered
quoted. This is the behavior of @sc{posix} mode through version 4.1.
The default Bash behavior remains as in previous versions.
@item dirspell
If set, Bash
@ -4414,7 +4586,7 @@ subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
@item
Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, shell functions, and
subshells invoked with @code{( @var{command} )} inherit the
@code{ERROR} trap.
@code{ERR} trap.
@end enumerate
@item extglob
@ -4439,7 +4611,7 @@ This option is enabled by default.
@item globstar
If set, the pattern @samp{**} used in a filename expansion context will
match a files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
If the pattern is followed by a @samp{/}, only directories and
subdirectories match.
@ -4479,6 +4651,10 @@ to cause that word and all remaining characters on that
line to be ignored in an interactive shell.
This option is enabled by default.
@item lastpipe
If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of
a pipeline not executed in the background in the current shell environment.
@item lithist
If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist}
option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with
@ -4621,9 +4797,10 @@ A list of characters that separate fields; used when the shell splits
words as part of expansion.
@item MAIL
If this parameter is set to a filename and the @env{MAILPATH} variable
If this parameter is set to a filename or directory name
and the @env{MAILPATH} variable
is not set, Bash informs the user of the arrival of mail in
the specified file.
the specified file or Maildir-format directory.
@item MAILPATH
A colon-separated list of filenames which the shell periodically checks
@ -4685,13 +4862,13 @@ starts up, each shell option in the list will be enabled before
reading any startup files. This variable is readonly.
@item BASHPID
Expands to the process id of the current Bash process.
Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process.
This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells
that do not require Bash to be re-initialized.
@item BASH_ALIASES
An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal
list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin
list of aliases as maintained by the @code{alias} builtin.
(@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}).
Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; unsetting array
elements cause aliases to be removed from the alias list.
@ -4741,11 +4918,11 @@ The command argument to the @option{-c} invocation option.
@item BASH_LINENO
An array variable whose members are the line numbers in source files
corresponding to each member of @var{FUNCNAME}.
@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file where
where each corresponding member of @var{FUNCNAME} was invoked.
@code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}} is the line number in the source file
(@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}) where
@code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called (or @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i-1]@}} if
referenced within another shell function).
The corresponding source file name is @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}}.
referenced within another shell function).
Use @code{LINENO} to obtain the current line number.
@item BASH_REMATCH
@ -4759,8 +4936,11 @@ string matching the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression.
This variable is read-only.
@item BASH_SOURCE
An array variable whose members are the source filenames corresponding
to the elements in the @code{FUNCNAME} array variable.
An array variable whose members are the source filenames where the
corresponding shell function names in the @code{FUNCNAME} array
variable are defined.
The shell function @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} is defined in the file
@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i]@}} and called from @code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}}
@item BASH_SUBSHELL
Incremented by one each time a subshell or subshell environment is spawned.
@ -4811,7 +4991,7 @@ descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error
being closed.
@item COLUMNS
Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the terminal width
Used by the @code{select} command to determine the terminal width
when printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
@code{SIGWINCH}.
@ -4872,6 +5052,10 @@ An array variable from which Bash reads the possible completions
generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable completion
facility (@pxref{Programmable Completion}).
@item COPROC
An array variable created to hold the file descriptors
for output from and input to an unnamed coprocess (@pxref{Coprocesses}).
@item DIRSTACK
An array variable containing the current contents of the directory stack.
Directories appear in the stack in the order they are displayed by the
@ -4886,7 +5070,11 @@ it is subsequently reset.
@item EMACS
If Bash finds this variable in the environment when the shell
starts with value @samp{t}, it assumes that the shell is running in an
emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing.
@item ENV
Similar to @code{BASH_ENV}; used when the shell is invoked in
@sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}).
@item EUID
The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable
@ -4909,12 +5097,26 @@ An array variable containing the names of all shell functions
currently in the execution call stack.
The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing
shell function.
The bottom-most element is @code{"main"}.
The bottom-most element (the one with the highest index)
is @code{"main"}.
This variable exists only when a shell function is executing.
Assignments to @env{FUNCNAME} have no effect and return an error status.
If @env{FUNCNAME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if
it is subsequently reset.
This variable can be used with @code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE}.
Each element of @code{FUNCNAME} has corresponding elements in
@code{BASH_LINENO} and @code{BASH_SOURCE} to describe the call stack.
For instance, @code{$@{FUNCNAME[$i]@}} was called from the file
@code{$@{BASH_SOURCE[$i+1]@}} at line number @code{$@{BASH_LINENO[$i]@}}.
The @code{caller} builtin displays the current call stack using this
information.
@item FUNCNEST
If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function
nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level
will cause the current command to abort.
@item GLOBIGNORE
A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to
be ignored by filename expansion.
@ -5078,7 +5280,7 @@ This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting.
The line number in the script or shell function currently executing.
@item LINES
Used by the @code{select} builtin command to determine the column length
Used by the @code{select} command to determine the column length
for printing selection lists. Automatically set upon receipt of a
@code{SIGWINCH}.
@ -5094,6 +5296,10 @@ for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary prompt.
If this variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number
greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking.
@item MAPFILE
An array variable created to hold the text read by the
@code{mapfile} builtin when no variable name is supplied.
@item OLDPWD
The previous working directory as set by the @code{cd} builtin.
@ -5156,6 +5362,14 @@ Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer
between 0 and 32767 is generated. Assigning a value to this
variable seeds the random number generator.
@item READLINE_LINE
The contents of the Readline line buffer, for use
with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
@item READLINE_POINT
The position of the insertion point in the Readline line buffer, for use
with @samp{bind -x} (@pxref{Bash Builtins}).
@item REPLY
The default variable for the @code{read} builtin.
@ -5284,8 +5498,9 @@ bash [long-opt] [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}]
bash [long-opt] -s [-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP] [-o @var{option}] [-O @var{shopt_option}] [@var{argument} @dots{}]
@end example
In addition to the single-character shell command-line options
(@pxref{The Set Builtin}), there are several multi-character
All of the single-character options used with the @code{set} builtin
(@pxref{The Set Builtin}) can be used as options when the shell is invoked.
In addition, there are several multi-character
options that you can use. These options must appear on the command
line before the single-character options to be recognized.
@ -5294,9 +5509,7 @@ line before the single-character options to be recognized.
Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell
starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin}
for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt}
builtin) and shell function tracing
(see @ref{The Set Builtin} for a description of the @code{-o functrace}
option).
builtin).
@item --dump-po-strings
A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$}
@ -5527,7 +5740,7 @@ No other startup files are read.
@subsubheading Invoked by remote shell daemon
Bash attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input
connected to a a network connection, as if by the remote shell
connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell
daemon, usually @code{rshd}, or the secure shell daemon @code{sshd}.
If Bash determines it is being run in
this fashion, it reads and executes commands from @file{~/.bashrc}, if that
@ -5722,8 +5935,9 @@ If the @var{file} argument to one of the primaries is one of
@file{/dev/stdin}, @file{/dev/stdout}, or @file{/dev/stderr}, file
descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked.
When used with @samp{[[}, The @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
When used with @samp{[[}, the @samp{<} and @samp{>} operators sort
lexicographically using the current locale.
The @code{test} command uses ASCII ordering.
Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow symbolic
links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself.
@ -5777,20 +5991,24 @@ True if @var{file} exists and is writable.
@item -x @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is executable.
@item -O @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id.
@item -G @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective group id.
@item -L @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link.
@item -N @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read.
@item -O @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the effective user id.
@item -S @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and is a socket.
@item -N @var{file}
True if @var{file} exists and has been modified since it was last read.
@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2}
True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and
inode numbers.
@item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2}
True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date)
@ -5800,15 +6018,14 @@ than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not.
True if @var{file1} is older than @var{file2},
or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not.
@item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2}
True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} refer to the same device and
inode numbers.
@item -o @var{optname}
True if shell option @var{optname} is enabled.
True if the shell option @var{optname} is enabled.
The list of options appears in the description of the @option{-o}
option to the @code{set} builtin (@pxref{The Set Builtin}).
@item -v @var{varname}
True if the shell variable @var{varname} is set (has been assigned a value).
@item -z @var{string}
True if the length of @var{string} is zero.
@ -5928,12 +6145,12 @@ The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression
when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the
@var{integer} attribute using @samp{declare -i} is assigned a value.
A null value evaluates to 0.
A shell variable need not have its integer attribute turned on
A shell variable need not have its @var{integer} attribute turned on
to be used in an expression.
Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.
A leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise,
numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where @var{base}
numbers take the form [@var{base}@code{#}]@var{n}, where the optional @var{base}
is a decimal number between 2 and 64 representing the arithmetic
base, and @var{n} is a number in that base. If @var{base}@code{#} is
omitted, then base 10 is used.
@ -6028,8 +6245,11 @@ name[@var{subscript}]=@var{value}
@noindent
The @var{subscript}
is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number
greater than or equal to zero. To explicitly declare an array, use
is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number.
If @var{subscript} evaluates to a number less than zero, it is used as
an offset from one greater than the array's maximum index (so a subcript
of -1 refers to the last element of the array).
To explicitly declare an array, use
@example
declare -a @var{name}
@end example
@ -6111,6 +6331,7 @@ entire array.
The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly}
builtins each accept a @option{-a} option to specify an indexed
array and a @option{-A} option to specify an associative array.
If both options are supplied, @option{-A} takes precedence.
The @code{read} builtin accepts a @option{-a}
option to assign a list of words read from the standard input
to an array, and can read values from the standard input into
@ -6439,6 +6660,11 @@ is not found.
Non-interactive shells exit if a syntax error in an arithmetic expansion
results in an invalid expression.
@item
Non-interactive shells exit if there is a syntax error in a script read
with the @code{.} or @code{source} builtins, or in a string processed by
the @code{eval} builtin.
@item
Redirection operators do not perform filename expansion on the word
in the redirection unless the shell is interactive.
@ -6458,19 +6684,28 @@ causes a fatal syntax error in non-interactive shells.
during command lookup.
@item
If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the POSIX standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
the command name, and so on.
The @code{time} reserved word may be used by itself as a command. When
used in this way, it displays timing statistics for the shell and its
completed children. The @env{TIMEFORMAT} variable controls the format
of the timing information.
@item
If @env{CDPATH} is set, the @code{cd} builtin will not implicitly
append the current directory to it. This means that @code{cd} will
fail if no valid directory name can be constructed from
any of the entries in @env{$CDPATH}, even if the a directory with
the same name as the name given as an argument to @code{cd} exists
in the current directory.
When parsing and expanding a $@{@dots{}@} expansion that appears within
double quotes, single quotes are no longer special and cannot be used to
quote a closing brace or other special character, unless the operator is
one of those defined to perform pattern removal. In this case, they do
not have to appear as matched pairs.
@item
The parser does not recognize @code{time} as a reserved word if the next
token begins with a @samp{-}.
@item
If a @sc{posix} special builtin returns an error status, a
non-interactive shell exits. The fatal errors are those listed in
the @sc{posix} standard, and include things like passing incorrect options,
redirection errors, variable assignment errors for assignments preceding
the command name, and so on.
@item
A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if a variable
@ -6479,6 +6714,11 @@ statements.
A variable assignment error occurs, for example, when trying to assign
a value to a readonly variable.
@item
A non-interactive shell exists with an error status if a variable
assignment error occurs in an assignment statement preceding a special
builtin, but not with any other simple command.
@item
A non-interactive shell exits with an error status if the iteration
variable in a @code{for} statement or the selection variable in a
@ -6544,10 +6784,6 @@ constructed from @code{$PWD} and the directory name supplied as an argument
does not refer to an existing directory, @code{cd} will fail instead of
falling back to @var{physical} mode.
@item
When the @code{pwd} builtin is supplied the @option{-P} option, it resets
@code{$PWD} to a pathname containing no symlinks.
@item
The @code{pwd} builtin verifies that the value it prints is the same as the
current directory, even if it is not asked to check the file system with the
@ -7269,7 +7505,7 @@ Include support for the @code{[[} conditional command.
(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
@item --enable-cond-regexp
Include support for matching POSIX regular expressions using the
Include support for matching @sc{posix} regular expressions using the
@samp{=~} binary operator in the @code{[[} conditional command.
(@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
@ -7350,8 +7586,8 @@ when called as @code{rbash}, enters a restricted mode. See
@ref{The Restricted Shell}, for a description of restricted mode.
@item --enable-select
Include the @code{select} builtin, which allows the generation of simple
menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
Include the @code{select} compound command, which allows the generation of
simple menus (@pxref{Conditional Constructs}).
@item --enable-separate-helpfiles
Use external files for the documentation displayed by the @code{help} builtin

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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o specifying a file name containing a // as an argument to the ..
builtin command
+o Specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
+o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the
--pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command
+o importing function definitions from the shell environment at
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL
+o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options
to the eennaabbllee builtin command
+o Using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
+o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell
builtins
+o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Creator: groff version 1.19.2
%%CreationDate: Wed Dec 30 13:07:37 2009
%%CreationDate: Tue Dec 28 14:30:24 2010
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.19 2
@ -247,10 +247,10 @@ G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(ENV)2.25 E F4(,)A F0(or)2.25 E F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G
(pecifying command names containing)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0 32.5<8373>108
216 S(pecifying a \214le name containing a)-32.5 E F2(/)2.5 E F0
(as an ar)2.5 E(gument to the)-.18 E F2(.)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)5 G
(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8353>108 232.8 S .351
(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .351
(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad70>2.851 E F0 .351(option to the)2.851 F F2
(hash)2.851 E F0 -.2(bu)2.851 G .351(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 244.8 Q
(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8373>108 232.8 S .45
(pecifying a \214lename containing a slash as an ar)-32.5 F .449
(gument to the)-.18 F F2<ad70>2.949 E F0 .449(option to the)2.949 F F2
(hash)2.949 E F0 -.2(bu)2.949 G .449(iltin com-).2 F(mand)144 244.8 Q
32.5<8369>108 261.6 S(mporting function de\214nitions from the shell en)
-32.5 E(vironment at startup)-.4 E 32.5<8370>108 278.4 S(arsing the v)
-32.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(SHELLOPTS)2.5 E F0(from the shell en)2.25 E
@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ ng the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirection operators)-32.5 E 32.5
(iltin command to replace the shell with another command).2 E 32.5<8361>
108 328.8 S(dding or deleting b)-32.5 E(uiltin commands with the)-.2 E
F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2<ad64>2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2
(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8355>108 345.6 S
(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command).2 E 32.5<8375>108 345.6 S
(sing the)-32.5 E F2(enable)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G
(iltin command to enable disabled shell b).2 E(uiltins)-.2 E 32.5<8373>
108 362.4 S(pecifying the)-32.5 E F2<ad70>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E

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@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
@ignore
Copyright (C) 1988-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 1988-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@end ignore
@set LASTCHANGE Wed Dec 23 16:29:41 EST 2009
@set LASTCHANGE Tue Dec 28 13:41:22 EST 2010
@set EDITION 4.1
@set VERSION 4.1
@set UPDATED 23 December 2009
@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2009
@set EDITION 4.2
@set VERSION 4.2
@set UPDATED 28 December 2010
@set UPDATED-MONTH December 2010