guile/libguile/strings.c

/* Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1998,2000,2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 * 
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of
 * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 * 02110-1301 USA
 */



#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
# include <config.h>
#endif

#include <alloca.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <uninorm.h>
#include <unistr.h>
#include <uniconv.h>

#include "striconveh.h"

#include "libguile/_scm.h"
#include "libguile/chars.h"
#include "libguile/root.h"
#include "libguile/strings.h"
#include "libguile/error.h"
#include "libguile/generalized-vectors.h"
#include "libguile/deprecation.h"
#include "libguile/validate.h"
#include "libguile/private-options.h"



/* {Strings}
 */


/* Stringbufs 
 *
 * XXX - keeping an accurate refcount during GC seems to be quite
 * tricky, so we just keep score of whether a stringbuf might be
 * shared, not whether it definitely is.  
 *
 * The scheme I (mvo) tried to keep an accurate reference count would
 * recount all strings that point to a stringbuf during the mark-phase
 * of the GC.  This was done since one cannot access the stringbuf of
 * a string when that string is freed (in order to decrease the
 * reference count).  The memory of the stringbuf might have been
 * reused already for something completely different.
 *
 * This recounted worked for a small number of threads beating on
 * cow-strings, but it failed randomly with more than 10 threads, say.
 * I couldn't figure out what went wrong, so I used the conservative
 * approach implemented below.
 *
 * There are 2 storage strategies for stringbufs: 8-bit and wide.  8-bit
 * strings are ISO-8859-1-encoded strings; wide strings are 32-bit (UCS-4)
 * strings.
 */

/* The size in words of the stringbuf header (type tag + size).  */
#define STRINGBUF_HEADER_SIZE   2U

#define STRINGBUF_HEADER_BYTES  (STRINGBUF_HEADER_SIZE * sizeof (SCM))

#define STRINGBUF_F_SHARED      SCM_I_STRINGBUF_F_SHARED
#define STRINGBUF_F_WIDE        SCM_I_STRINGBUF_F_WIDE

#define STRINGBUF_TAG           scm_tc7_stringbuf
#define STRINGBUF_SHARED(buf)   (SCM_CELL_WORD_0(buf) & STRINGBUF_F_SHARED)
#define STRINGBUF_WIDE(buf)     (SCM_CELL_WORD_0(buf) & STRINGBUF_F_WIDE)

#define STRINGBUF_CONTENTS(buf) ((void *)				\
                                 SCM_CELL_OBJECT_LOC (buf,		\
						      STRINGBUF_HEADER_SIZE))
#define STRINGBUF_CHARS(buf)    ((unsigned char *) STRINGBUF_CONTENTS (buf))
#define STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS(buf) ((scm_t_wchar *) STRINGBUF_CONTENTS (buf))

#define STRINGBUF_LENGTH(buf)   (SCM_CELL_WORD_1 (buf))

#define SET_STRINGBUF_SHARED(buf)					\
  do									\
    {									\
      /* Don't modify BUF if it's already marked as shared since it might be \
	 a read-only, statically allocated stringbuf.  */		\
      if (SCM_LIKELY (!STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf)))				\
	SCM_SET_CELL_WORD_0 ((buf), SCM_CELL_WORD_0 (buf) | STRINGBUF_F_SHARED); \
    }									\
  while (0)

#ifdef SCM_STRING_LENGTH_HISTOGRAM
static size_t lenhist[1001];
#endif

/* Make a stringbuf with space for LEN 8-bit Latin-1-encoded
   characters. */
static SCM
make_stringbuf (size_t len)
{
  /* XXX - for the benefit of SCM_STRING_CHARS, SCM_SYMBOL_CHARS and
     scm_i_symbol_chars, all stringbufs are null-terminated.  Once
     SCM_STRING_CHARS and SCM_SYMBOL_CHARS are removed and the code
     has been changed for scm_i_symbol_chars, this null-termination
     can be dropped.
  */

  SCM buf;

#ifdef SCM_STRING_LENGTH_HISTOGRAM
  if (len < 1000)
    lenhist[len]++;
  else
    lenhist[1000]++;
#endif

  buf = PTR2SCM (scm_gc_malloc_pointerless (STRINGBUF_HEADER_BYTES + len + 1,
					    "string"));

  SCM_SET_CELL_TYPE (buf, STRINGBUF_TAG);
  SCM_SET_CELL_WORD_1 (buf, (scm_t_bits) len);

  STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf)[len] = 0;

  return buf;
}

/* Make a stringbuf with space for LEN 32-bit UCS-4-encoded
   characters.  */
static SCM
make_wide_stringbuf (size_t len)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t raw_len;

#ifdef SCM_STRING_LENGTH_HISTOGRAM
  if (len < 1000)
    lenhist[len]++;
  else
    lenhist[1000]++;
#endif

  raw_len = (len + 1) * sizeof (scm_t_wchar);
  buf = PTR2SCM (scm_gc_malloc_pointerless (STRINGBUF_HEADER_BYTES + raw_len,
					    "string"));

  SCM_SET_CELL_TYPE (buf, STRINGBUF_TAG | STRINGBUF_F_WIDE);
  SCM_SET_CELL_WORD_1 (buf, (scm_t_bits) len);

  STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf)[len] = 0;

  return buf;
}

/* Return a UCS-4-encoded stringbuf containing the (possibly Latin-1-encoded)
   characters from BUF.  */
static SCM
wide_stringbuf (SCM buf)
{
  SCM new_buf;

  if (STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    new_buf = buf;
  else
    {
      size_t i, len;
      scm_t_wchar *mem;

      len = STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf);

      new_buf = make_wide_stringbuf (len);

      mem = STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (new_buf);
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	mem[i] = (scm_t_wchar) STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf)[i];
      mem[len] = 0;
    }

  return new_buf;
}

/* Return a Latin-1-encoded stringbuf containing the (possibly UCS-4-encoded)
   characters from BUF, if possible.  */
static SCM
narrow_stringbuf (SCM buf)
{
  SCM new_buf;

  if (!STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    new_buf = buf;
  else
    {
      size_t i, len;
      scm_t_wchar *wmem;
      unsigned char *mem;

      len = STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf);
      wmem = STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf);

      for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	if (wmem[i] > 0xFF)
	  /* BUF cannot be narrowed.  */
	  return buf;

      new_buf = make_stringbuf (len);

      mem = STRINGBUF_CHARS (new_buf);
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	mem[i] = (unsigned char) wmem[i];
      mem[len] = 0;
    }

  return new_buf;
}

scm_i_pthread_mutex_t stringbuf_write_mutex = SCM_I_PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;


/* Copy-on-write strings.
 */

#define STRING_TAG            scm_tc7_string

#define STRING_STRINGBUF(str) (SCM_CELL_OBJECT_1(str))
#define STRING_START(str)     ((size_t)SCM_CELL_WORD_2(str))
#define STRING_LENGTH(str)    ((size_t)SCM_CELL_WORD_3(str))

#define SET_STRING_STRINGBUF(str,buf) (SCM_SET_CELL_OBJECT_1(str,buf))
#define SET_STRING_START(str,start) (SCM_SET_CELL_WORD_2(str,start))

#define IS_STRING(str)        (SCM_NIMP(str) && SCM_TYP7(str) == STRING_TAG)

/* Read-only strings.
 */

#define RO_STRING_TAG         scm_tc7_ro_string
#define IS_RO_STRING(str)     (SCM_CELL_TYPE(str)==RO_STRING_TAG)

/* Mutation-sharing substrings
 */

#define SH_STRING_TAG       (scm_tc7_string + 0x100)

#define SH_STRING_STRING(sh) (SCM_CELL_OBJECT_1(sh))
/* START and LENGTH as for STRINGs. */

#define IS_SH_STRING(str)   (SCM_CELL_TYPE(str)==SH_STRING_TAG)

SCM scm_nullstr;

/* Create a scheme string with space for LEN 8-bit Latin-1-encoded
   characters.  CHARSP, if not NULL, will be set to location of the
   char array.  */
SCM
scm_i_make_string (size_t len, char **charsp)
{
  SCM buf = make_stringbuf (len);
  SCM res;
  if (charsp)
    *charsp = (char *) STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf);
  res = scm_double_cell (STRING_TAG, SCM_UNPACK(buf),
			 (scm_t_bits)0, (scm_t_bits) len);
  return res;
}

/* Create a scheme string with space for LEN 32-bit UCS-4-encoded
   characters.  CHARSP, if not NULL, will be set to location of the
   character array.  */
SCM
scm_i_make_wide_string (size_t len, scm_t_wchar **charsp)
{
  SCM buf = make_wide_stringbuf (len);
  SCM res;
  if (charsp)
    *charsp = STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf);
  res = scm_double_cell (STRING_TAG, SCM_UNPACK (buf),
                         (scm_t_bits) 0, (scm_t_bits) len);
  return res;
}

static void
validate_substring_args (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  if (!IS_STRING (str))
    scm_wrong_type_arg_msg (NULL, 0, str, "string");
  if (start > STRING_LENGTH (str))
    scm_out_of_range (NULL, scm_from_size_t (start));
  if (end > STRING_LENGTH (str) || end < start)
    scm_out_of_range (NULL, scm_from_size_t (end));
}

static inline void
get_str_buf_start (SCM *str, SCM *buf, size_t *start)
{
  *start = STRING_START (*str);
  if (IS_SH_STRING (*str))
    {
      *str = SH_STRING_STRING (*str);
      *start += STRING_START (*str);
    }
  *buf = STRING_STRINGBUF (*str);
}

SCM
scm_i_substring (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t str_start;
  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &str_start);
  scm_i_pthread_mutex_lock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
  SET_STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf);
  scm_i_pthread_mutex_unlock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
  return scm_double_cell (STRING_TAG, SCM_UNPACK(buf),
			  (scm_t_bits)str_start + start,
			  (scm_t_bits) end - start);
}

SCM
scm_i_substring_read_only (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t str_start;
  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &str_start);
  scm_i_pthread_mutex_lock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
  SET_STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf);
  scm_i_pthread_mutex_unlock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
  return scm_double_cell (RO_STRING_TAG, SCM_UNPACK(buf),
			  (scm_t_bits)str_start + start,
			  (scm_t_bits) end - start);
}

SCM
scm_i_substring_copy (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  size_t len = end - start;
  SCM buf, my_buf;
  size_t str_start;
  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &str_start);
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    {
      my_buf = make_stringbuf (len);
      memcpy (STRINGBUF_CHARS (my_buf),
              STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf) + str_start + start, len);
    }
  else
    {
      my_buf = make_wide_stringbuf (len);
      u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (my_buf),
               (scm_t_uint32 *) (STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf) + str_start 
                                 + start), len);
      /* Even though this string is wide, the substring may be narrow.
         Consider adding code to narrow the string.  */
    }
  scm_remember_upto_here_1 (buf);
  return scm_double_cell (STRING_TAG, SCM_UNPACK (my_buf),
                          (scm_t_bits) 0, (scm_t_bits) len);
}

SCM
scm_i_substring_shared (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  if (start == 0 && end == STRING_LENGTH (str))
    return str;
  else 
    {
      size_t len = end - start;
      if (IS_SH_STRING (str))
	{
	  start += STRING_START (str);
	  str = SH_STRING_STRING (str);
	}
      return scm_double_cell (SH_STRING_TAG, SCM_UNPACK(str),
			      (scm_t_bits)start, (scm_t_bits) len);
    }
}

SCM
scm_c_substring (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  validate_substring_args (str, start, end);
  return scm_i_substring (str, start, end);
}

SCM
scm_c_substring_read_only (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  validate_substring_args (str, start, end);
  return scm_i_substring_read_only (str, start, end);
}

SCM
scm_c_substring_copy (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  validate_substring_args (str, start, end);
  return scm_i_substring_copy (str, start, end);
}

SCM
scm_c_substring_shared (SCM str, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  validate_substring_args (str, start, end);
  return scm_i_substring_shared (str, start, end);
}


/* Internal accessors
 */

/* Returns the number of characters in STR.  This may be different
   than the memory size of the string storage.  */
size_t
scm_i_string_length (SCM str)
{
  return STRING_LENGTH (str);
}

/* True if the string is 'narrow', meaning it has a 8-bit Latin-1
   encoding.  False if it is 'wide', having a 32-bit UCS-4
   encoding.  */
int
scm_i_is_narrow_string (SCM str)
{
  return !STRINGBUF_WIDE (STRING_STRINGBUF (str));
}

/* Try to coerce a string to be narrow.  It if is narrow already, do
   nothing.  If it is wide, shrink it to narrow if none of its
   characters are above 0xFF.  Return true if the string is narrow or
   was made to be narrow.  */
int
scm_i_try_narrow_string (SCM str)
{
  SET_STRING_STRINGBUF (str, narrow_stringbuf (STRING_STRINGBUF (str)));

  return scm_i_is_narrow_string (str);
}

/* Return a pointer to the raw data of the string, which can be either Latin-1
   or UCS-4 encoded data, depending on `scm_i_is_narrow_string (STR)'.  */
const void *
scm_i_string_data (SCM str)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t start;
  const char *data;

  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &start);

  data = STRINGBUF_CONTENTS (buf);
  data += start * (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str) ? 1 : 4);

  return data;
}

/* Returns a pointer to the 8-bit Latin-1 encoded character array of
   STR.  */
const char *
scm_i_string_chars (SCM str)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t start;
  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &start);
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    return (const char *) STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf) + start;
  else
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "Invalid read access of chars of wide string: ~s",
                    scm_list_1 (str));
  return NULL;
}

/* Returns a pointer to the 32-bit UCS-4 encoded character array of
   STR.  */
const scm_t_wchar *
scm_i_string_wide_chars (SCM str)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t start;

  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &start);
  if (!scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    return (const scm_t_wchar *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf) + start;
  else
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "Invalid read access of chars of narrow string: ~s",
                    scm_list_1 (str));
}

/* If the buffer in ORIG_STR is shared, copy ORIG_STR's characters to
   a new string buffer, so that it can be modified without modifying
   other strings.  Also, lock the string mutex.  Later, one must call
   scm_i_string_stop_writing to unlock the mutex.  */
SCM
scm_i_string_start_writing (SCM orig_str)
{
  SCM buf, str = orig_str;
  size_t start;

  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &start);
  if (IS_RO_STRING (str))
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "string is read-only: ~s", scm_list_1 (orig_str));

  scm_i_pthread_mutex_lock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
  if (STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf))
    {
      /* Clone the stringbuf.  */
      size_t len = STRING_LENGTH (str);
      SCM new_buf;

      scm_i_pthread_mutex_unlock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);

      if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
        {
          new_buf = make_stringbuf (len);
          memcpy (STRINGBUF_CHARS (new_buf),
                  STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf) + STRING_START (str), len);

        }
      else
        {
          new_buf = make_wide_stringbuf (len);
          u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (new_buf),
                   (scm_t_uint32 *) (STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf) 
                                     + STRING_START (str)), len);
        }

      SET_STRING_STRINGBUF (str, new_buf);
      start -= STRING_START (str);

      /* FIXME: The following operations are not atomic, so other threads
	 looking at STR may see an inconsistent state.  Nevertheless it can't
	 hurt much since (i) accessing STR while it is being mutated can't
	 yield a crash, and (ii) concurrent accesses to STR should be
	 protected by a mutex at the application level.  The latter may not
	 apply when STR != ORIG_STR, though.  */
      SET_STRING_START (str, 0);
      SET_STRING_STRINGBUF (str, new_buf);

      buf = new_buf;

      scm_i_pthread_mutex_lock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
    }
  return orig_str;
}

/* Return a pointer to the 8-bit Latin-1 chars of a string.  */
char *
scm_i_string_writable_chars (SCM str)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t start;

  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &start);
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    return (char *) STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf) + start;
  else
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "Invalid write access of chars of wide string: ~s",
                    scm_list_1 (str));
  return NULL;
}

/* Return a pointer to the UCS-4 codepoints of a string.  */
static scm_t_wchar *
scm_i_string_writable_wide_chars (SCM str)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t start;

  get_str_buf_start (&str, &buf, &start);
  if (!scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    return STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf) + start;
  else
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "Invalid write access of chars of narrow string: ~s",
                    scm_list_1 (str));
}

/* Unlock the string mutex that was locked when
   scm_i_string_start_writing was called.  */
void
scm_i_string_stop_writing (void)
{
  scm_i_pthread_mutex_unlock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
}

/* Return the Xth character of STR as a UCS-4 codepoint.  */
scm_t_wchar
scm_i_string_ref (SCM str, size_t x)
{
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    return (scm_t_wchar) (unsigned char) (scm_i_string_chars (str)[x]);
  else
    return scm_i_string_wide_chars (str)[x];
}

/* Returns index+1 of the first char in STR that matches C, or
   0 if the char is not found.  */
int
scm_i_string_contains_char (SCM str, char ch)
{
  size_t i;
  size_t len = scm_i_string_length (str);

  i = 0;
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    {
      while (i < len)
        {
          if (scm_i_string_chars (str)[i] == ch)
            return i+1;
          i++;
        }
    }
  else
    {
      while (i < len)
        {
          if (scm_i_string_wide_chars (str)[i] 
              == (unsigned char) ch)
            return i+1;
          i++;
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

int 
scm_i_string_strcmp (SCM sstr, size_t start_x, const char *cstr)
{
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (sstr))
    {
      const char *a = scm_i_string_chars (sstr) + start_x;
      const char *b = cstr;
      return strncmp (a, b, strlen(b));
    }
  else
    {
      size_t i;
      const scm_t_wchar *a = scm_i_string_wide_chars (sstr) + start_x;
      const char *b = cstr;
      for (i = 0; i < strlen (b); i++)
        {
          if (a[i] != (unsigned char) b[i])
            return 1;
        }
    }
  return 0;
}

/* Set the Pth character of STR to UCS-4 codepoint CHR. */
void
scm_i_string_set_x (SCM str, size_t p, scm_t_wchar chr)
{
  if (chr > 0xFF && scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    SET_STRING_STRINGBUF (str, wide_stringbuf (STRING_STRINGBUF (str)));

  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    {
      char *dst = scm_i_string_writable_chars (str);
      dst[p] = chr;
    }
  else
    {
      scm_t_wchar *dst = scm_i_string_writable_wide_chars (str);
      dst[p] = chr;
    }
}


/* Symbols.

   Basic symbol creation and accessing is done here, the rest is in
   symbols.[hc].  This has been done to keep stringbufs and the
   internals of strings and string-like objects confined to this file.
*/

#define SYMBOL_STRINGBUF SCM_CELL_OBJECT_1

SCM
scm_i_make_symbol (SCM name, scm_t_bits flags,
		   unsigned long hash, SCM props)
{
  SCM buf;
  size_t start = STRING_START (name);
  size_t length = STRING_LENGTH (name);

  if (IS_SH_STRING (name))
    {
      name = SH_STRING_STRING (name);
      start += STRING_START (name);
    }
  buf = SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (name);

  if (start == 0 && length == STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf))
    {
      /* reuse buf. */
      scm_i_pthread_mutex_lock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
      SET_STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf);
      scm_i_pthread_mutex_unlock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
    }
  else
    {
      /* make new buf. */
      if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (name))
        {
          SCM new_buf = make_stringbuf (length);
          memcpy (STRINGBUF_CHARS (new_buf),
                  STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf) + start, length);
          buf = new_buf;
        }
      else
        {
          SCM new_buf = make_wide_stringbuf (length);
          u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (new_buf),
                   (scm_t_uint32 *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf) + start,
                   length);
          buf = new_buf;
        }
    }
  return scm_double_cell (scm_tc7_symbol | flags, SCM_UNPACK (buf),
			  (scm_t_bits) hash, SCM_UNPACK (props));
}

SCM
scm_i_c_make_symbol (const char *name, size_t len,
		     scm_t_bits flags, unsigned long hash, SCM props)
{
  SCM buf = make_stringbuf (len);
  memcpy (STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf), name, len);

  return scm_immutable_double_cell (scm_tc7_symbol | flags, SCM_UNPACK (buf),
				    (scm_t_bits) hash, SCM_UNPACK (props));
}

/* Returns the number of characters in SYM.  This may be different
   from the memory size of SYM.  */
size_t
scm_i_symbol_length (SCM sym)
{
  return STRINGBUF_LENGTH (SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (sym));
}

size_t
scm_c_symbol_length (SCM sym)
#define FUNC_NAME "scm_c_symbol_length"
{
  SCM_VALIDATE_SYMBOL (1, sym);

  return STRINGBUF_LENGTH (SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (sym));
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

/* True if the name of SYM is stored as a Latin-1 encoded string.
   False if it is stored as a 32-bit UCS-4-encoded string.  */
int
scm_i_is_narrow_symbol (SCM sym)
{
  SCM buf;

  buf = SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (sym);
  return !STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf);
}

/* Returns a pointer to the 8-bit Latin-1 encoded character array that
   contains the name of SYM.  */
const char *
scm_i_symbol_chars (SCM sym)
{
  SCM buf;

  buf = SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (sym);
  if (!STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    return (const char *) STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf);
  else
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "Invalid access of chars of a wide symbol ~S",
                    scm_list_1 (sym));
}

/* Return a pointer to the 32-bit UCS-4-encoded character array of a
   symbol's name.  */
const scm_t_wchar *
scm_i_symbol_wide_chars (SCM sym)
{
  SCM buf;

  buf = SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (sym);
  if (STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    return (const scm_t_wchar *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf);
  else
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "Invalid access of chars of a narrow symbol ~S",
                    scm_list_1 (sym));
}

SCM
scm_i_symbol_substring (SCM sym, size_t start, size_t end)
{
  SCM buf = SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (sym);
  scm_i_pthread_mutex_lock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
  SET_STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf);
  scm_i_pthread_mutex_unlock (&stringbuf_write_mutex);
  return scm_double_cell (RO_STRING_TAG, SCM_UNPACK (buf),
			  (scm_t_bits)start, (scm_t_bits) end - start);
}

/* Returns the Xth character of symbol SYM as a UCS-4 codepoint.  */
scm_t_wchar
scm_i_symbol_ref (SCM sym, size_t x)
{
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_symbol (sym))
    return (scm_t_wchar) (unsigned char) (scm_i_symbol_chars (sym)[x]);
  else
    return scm_i_symbol_wide_chars (sym)[x];
}

/* Debugging
 */

SCM_DEFINE (scm_sys_string_dump, "%string-dump", 1, 0, 0, (SCM str), 
            "Returns an association list containing debugging information\n"
            "for @var{str}. The association list has the following entries."
            "@table @code\n"
            "@item string\n"
            "The string itself.\n"
            "@item start\n"
            "The start index of the string into its stringbuf\n"
            "@item length\n"
            "The length of the string\n"
            "@item shared\n"
            "If this string is a substring, it returns its parent string.\n"
            "Otherwise, it returns @code{#f}\n"
            "@item read-only\n"
            "@code{#t} if the string is read-only\n"
            "@item stringbuf-chars\n"
            "A new string containing this string's stringbuf's characters\n"
            "@item stringbuf-length\n"
            "The number of characters in this stringbuf\n"
            "@item stringbuf-shared\n"
            "@code{#t} if this stringbuf is shared\n"
            "@item stringbuf-wide\n"
            "@code{#t} if this stringbuf's characters are stored in a\n"
            "32-bit buffer, or @code{#f} if they are stored in an 8-bit\n"
            "buffer\n"
            "@end table")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_sys_string_dump
{
  SCM e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8, e9;
  SCM buf;
  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);

  /* String info */
  e1 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("string"),
                 str);
  e2 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("start"),
                 scm_from_size_t (STRING_START (str)));
  e3 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("length"),
                 scm_from_size_t (STRING_LENGTH (str)));

  if (IS_SH_STRING (str))
    {
      e4 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("shared"),
                     SH_STRING_STRING (str));
      buf = STRING_STRINGBUF (SH_STRING_STRING (str));
    }
  else
    {
      e4 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("shared"),
                     SCM_BOOL_F);
      buf = STRING_STRINGBUF (str);
    }

  if (IS_RO_STRING (str))
    e5 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("read-only"),
                   SCM_BOOL_T);
  else
    e5 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("read-only"),
                   SCM_BOOL_F);

  /* Stringbuf info */
  if (!STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    {
      size_t len = STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf);
      char *cbuf;
      SCM sbc = scm_i_make_string (len, &cbuf);
      memcpy (cbuf, STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf), len);
      e6 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-chars"),
                     sbc);
    }
  else
    {
      size_t len = STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf);
      scm_t_wchar *cbuf;
      SCM sbc = scm_i_make_wide_string (len, &cbuf);
      u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) cbuf, 
               (scm_t_uint32 *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf), len);
      e6 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-chars"),
                     sbc);
    }
  e7 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-length"), 
                 scm_from_size_t (STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf)));
  if (STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf))
    e8 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-shared"), 
                   SCM_BOOL_T);
  else
    e8 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-shared"), 
                   SCM_BOOL_F);
  if (STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    e9 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-wide"),
		   SCM_BOOL_T);
  else
    e9 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-wide"),
		   SCM_BOOL_F);

  return scm_list_n (e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8, e9, SCM_UNDEFINED);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_sys_symbol_dump, "%symbol-dump", 1, 0, 0, (SCM sym),
            "Returns an association list containing debugging information\n"
            "for @var{sym}. The association list has the following entries."
            "@table @code\n"
            "@item symbol\n"
            "The symbol itself\n"
            "@item hash\n"
            "Its hash value\n"
            "@item interned\n"
            "@code{#t} if it is an interned symbol\n"
            "@item stringbuf-chars\n"
            "A new string containing this symbols's stringbuf's characters\n"
            "@item stringbuf-length\n"
            "The number of characters in this stringbuf\n"
            "@item stringbuf-shared\n"
            "@code{#t} if this stringbuf is shared\n"
            "@item stringbuf-wide\n"
            "@code{#t} if this stringbuf's characters are stored in a\n"
            "32-bit buffer, or @code{#f} if they are stored in an 8-bit\n"
            "buffer\n"
            "@end table")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_sys_symbol_dump
{
  SCM e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7;
  SCM buf;
  SCM_VALIDATE_SYMBOL (1, sym);
  e1 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("symbol"),
                 sym);
  e2 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("hash"),
                 scm_from_ulong (scm_i_symbol_hash (sym)));
  e3 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("interned"),
                 scm_symbol_interned_p (sym));
  buf = SYMBOL_STRINGBUF (sym);

  /* Stringbuf info */
  if (!STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    {
      size_t len = STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf);
      char *cbuf;
      SCM sbc = scm_i_make_string (len, &cbuf);
      memcpy (cbuf, STRINGBUF_CHARS (buf), len);
      e4 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-chars"),
                     sbc);
    }
  else
    {
      size_t len = STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf);
      scm_t_wchar *cbuf;
      SCM sbc = scm_i_make_wide_string (len, &cbuf);
      u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) cbuf, 
               (scm_t_uint32 *) STRINGBUF_WIDE_CHARS (buf), len);
      e4 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-chars"),
                     sbc);
    }
  e5 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-length"), 
                 scm_from_size_t (STRINGBUF_LENGTH (buf)));
  if (STRINGBUF_SHARED (buf))
    e6 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-shared"), 
                   SCM_BOOL_T);
  else
    e6 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-shared"), 
                   SCM_BOOL_F);
  if (STRINGBUF_WIDE (buf))
    e7 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-wide"),
                    SCM_BOOL_T);
  else
    e7 = scm_cons (scm_from_latin1_symbol ("stringbuf-wide"),
                    SCM_BOOL_F);
  return scm_list_n (e1, e2, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, SCM_UNDEFINED);

}
#undef FUNC_NAME

#ifdef SCM_STRING_LENGTH_HISTOGRAM

SCM_DEFINE (scm_sys_stringbuf_hist, "%stringbuf-hist", 0, 0, 0, (void), "")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_sys_stringbuf_hist
{
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
    if (lenhist[i])
      fprintf (stderr, " %3d: %u\n", i, lenhist[i]);
  fprintf (stderr, ">999: %u\n", lenhist[1000]);
  return SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

#endif



SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_p, "string?", 1, 0, 0, 
	    (SCM obj),
	    "Return @code{#t} if @var{obj} is a string, else @code{#f}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_p
{
  return scm_from_bool (IS_STRING (obj));
}
#undef FUNC_NAME


SCM_REGISTER_PROC (s_scm_list_to_string, "list->string", 1, 0, 0, scm_string);

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string, "string", 0, 0, 1, 
            (SCM chrs),
	    "@deffnx {Scheme Procedure} list->string chrs\n"
	    "Return a newly allocated string composed of the arguments,\n"
	    "@var{chrs}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string
{
  SCM result = SCM_BOOL_F;
  SCM rest;
  size_t len;
  size_t p = 0;
  long i;
  int wide = 0;

  /* Verify that this is a list of chars.  */
  i = scm_ilength (chrs);
  SCM_ASSERT (i >= 0, chrs, SCM_ARG1, FUNC_NAME);

  len = (size_t) i;
  rest = chrs;

  while (len > 0 && scm_is_pair (rest))
    {
      SCM elt = SCM_CAR (rest);
      SCM_VALIDATE_CHAR (SCM_ARGn, elt);
      if (SCM_CHAR (elt) > 0xFF)
        wide = 1;
      rest = SCM_CDR (rest);
      len--;
      scm_remember_upto_here_1 (elt);
    }

  /* Construct a string containing this list of chars.  */
  len = (size_t) i;
  rest = chrs;

  if (wide == 0)
    {
      char *buf;

      result = scm_i_make_string (len, NULL);
      result = scm_i_string_start_writing (result);
      buf = scm_i_string_writable_chars (result);
      while (len > 0 && scm_is_pair (rest))
        {
          SCM elt = SCM_CAR (rest);
          buf[p] = (unsigned char) SCM_CHAR (elt);
          p++;
          rest = SCM_CDR (rest);
          len--;
          scm_remember_upto_here_1 (elt);
        }
    }
  else
    {
      scm_t_wchar *buf;

      result = scm_i_make_wide_string (len, NULL);
      result = scm_i_string_start_writing (result);
      buf = scm_i_string_writable_wide_chars (result);
      while (len > 0 && scm_is_pair (rest))
        {
          SCM elt = SCM_CAR (rest);
          buf[p] = SCM_CHAR (elt);
          p++;
          rest = SCM_CDR (rest);
          len--;
          scm_remember_upto_here_1 (elt);
        }
    }
  scm_i_string_stop_writing ();

  if (len > 0)
    scm_misc_error (NULL, "list changed while constructing string", SCM_EOL);
  if (!scm_is_null (rest))
    scm_wrong_type_arg_msg (NULL, 0, chrs, "proper list");

  return result;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_make_string, "make-string", 1, 1, 0,
            (SCM k, SCM chr),
	    "Return a newly allocated string of\n"
            "length @var{k}.  If @var{chr} is given, then all elements of\n"
	    "the string are initialized to @var{chr}, otherwise the contents\n"
	    "of the @var{string} are all set to @var{#\nul}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_make_string
{
  return scm_c_make_string (scm_to_size_t (k), chr);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM
scm_c_make_string (size_t len, SCM chr)
#define FUNC_NAME NULL
{
  size_t p;
  char *contents = NULL;
  SCM res = scm_i_make_string (len, &contents);

  /* If no char is given, initialize string contents to NULL.  */
  if (SCM_UNBNDP (chr))
    memset (contents, 0, len);
  else
    {
      SCM_VALIDATE_CHAR (0, chr);
      res = scm_i_string_start_writing (res);
      for (p = 0; p < len; p++)
        scm_i_string_set_x (res, p, SCM_CHAR (chr));
      scm_i_string_stop_writing ();
    }

  return res;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_length, "string-length", 1, 0, 0, 
	    (SCM string),
	    "Return the number of characters in @var{string}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_length
{
  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, string);
  return scm_from_size_t (STRING_LENGTH (string));
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_bytes_per_char, "string-bytes-per-char", 1, 0, 0,
            (SCM string),
            "Return the bytes used to represent a character in @var{string}."
            "This will return 1 or 4.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_bytes_per_char
{
  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, string);
  if (!scm_i_is_narrow_string (string))
    return scm_from_int (4);

  return scm_from_int (1);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

size_t
scm_c_string_length (SCM string)
{
  if (!IS_STRING (string))
    scm_wrong_type_arg_msg (NULL, 0, string, "string");
  return STRING_LENGTH (string);
}

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_ref, "string-ref", 2, 0, 0,
            (SCM str, SCM k),
            "Return character @var{k} of @var{str} using zero-origin\n"
            "indexing. @var{k} must be a valid index of @var{str}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_ref
{
  size_t len;
  unsigned long idx;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);

  len = scm_i_string_length (str);
  if (SCM_LIKELY (len > 0))
    idx = scm_to_unsigned_integer (k, 0, len - 1);
  else
    scm_out_of_range (NULL, k);

  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    return SCM_MAKE_CHAR (scm_i_string_chars (str)[idx]);
  else
    return SCM_MAKE_CHAR (scm_i_string_wide_chars (str)[idx]);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM
scm_c_string_ref (SCM str, size_t p)
{
  if (p >= scm_i_string_length (str))
    scm_out_of_range (NULL, scm_from_size_t (p));
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    return SCM_MAKE_CHAR (scm_i_string_chars (str)[p]);
  else
    return SCM_MAKE_CHAR (scm_i_string_wide_chars (str)[p]);

}

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_set_x, "string-set!", 3, 0, 0,
            (SCM str, SCM k, SCM chr),
            "Store @var{chr} in element @var{k} of @var{str} and return\n"
            "an unspecified value. @var{k} must be a valid index of\n"
            "@var{str}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_set_x
{
  size_t len;
  unsigned long idx;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);

  len = scm_i_string_length (str);
  if (SCM_LIKELY (len > 0))
    idx = scm_to_unsigned_integer (k, 0, len - 1);
  else
    scm_out_of_range (NULL, k);

  SCM_VALIDATE_CHAR (3, chr);
  str = scm_i_string_start_writing (str);
  scm_i_string_set_x (str, idx, SCM_CHAR (chr));
  scm_i_string_stop_writing ();

  return SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

void
scm_c_string_set_x (SCM str, size_t p, SCM chr)
{
  if (p >= scm_i_string_length (str))
    scm_out_of_range (NULL, scm_from_size_t (p));
  str = scm_i_string_start_writing (str);
  scm_i_string_set_x (str, p, SCM_CHAR (chr));
  scm_i_string_stop_writing ();
}

SCM_DEFINE (scm_substring, "substring", 2, 1, 0,
	    (SCM str, SCM start, SCM end),
	    "Return a newly allocated string formed from the characters\n"
            "of @var{str} beginning with index @var{start} (inclusive) and\n"
	    "ending with index @var{end} (exclusive).\n"
            "@var{str} must be a string, @var{start} and @var{end} must be\n"
	    "exact integers satisfying:\n\n"
            "0 <= @var{start} <= @var{end} <= (string-length @var{str}).")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_substring
{
  size_t len, from, to;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);
  len = scm_i_string_length (str);
  from = scm_to_unsigned_integer (start, 0, len);
  if (SCM_UNBNDP (end))
    to = len;
  else
    to = scm_to_unsigned_integer (end, from, len);
  return scm_i_substring (str, from, to);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_substring_read_only, "substring/read-only", 2, 1, 0,
	    (SCM str, SCM start, SCM end),
	    "Return a newly allocated string formed from the characters\n"
            "of @var{str} beginning with index @var{start} (inclusive) and\n"
	    "ending with index @var{end} (exclusive).\n"
            "@var{str} must be a string, @var{start} and @var{end} must be\n"
	    "exact integers satisfying:\n"
	    "\n"
            "0 <= @var{start} <= @var{end} <= (string-length @var{str}).\n"
	    "\n"
	    "The returned string is read-only.\n")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_substring_read_only
{
  size_t len, from, to;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);
  len = scm_i_string_length (str);
  from = scm_to_unsigned_integer (start, 0, len);
  if (SCM_UNBNDP (end))
    to = len;
  else
    to = scm_to_unsigned_integer (end, from, len);
  return scm_i_substring_read_only (str, from, to);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_substring_copy, "substring/copy", 2, 1, 0,
	    (SCM str, SCM start, SCM end),
	    "Return a newly allocated string formed from the characters\n"
            "of @var{str} beginning with index @var{start} (inclusive) and\n"
	    "ending with index @var{end} (exclusive).\n"
            "@var{str} must be a string, @var{start} and @var{end} must be\n"
	    "exact integers satisfying:\n\n"
            "0 <= @var{start} <= @var{end} <= (string-length @var{str}).")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_substring_copy
{
  /* For the Scheme version, START is mandatory, but for the C
     version, it is optional.  See scm_string_copy in srfi-13.c for a
     rationale.
  */

  size_t from, to;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);
  scm_i_get_substring_spec (scm_i_string_length (str),
			    start, &from, end, &to);
  return scm_i_substring_copy (str, from, to);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_substring_shared, "substring/shared", 2, 1, 0,
	    (SCM str, SCM start, SCM end),
	    "Return string that indirectly refers to the characters\n"
            "of @var{str} beginning with index @var{start} (inclusive) and\n"
	    "ending with index @var{end} (exclusive).\n"
            "@var{str} must be a string, @var{start} and @var{end} must be\n"
	    "exact integers satisfying:\n\n"
            "0 <= @var{start} <= @var{end} <= (string-length @var{str}).")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_substring_shared
{
  size_t len, from, to;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);
  len = scm_i_string_length (str);
  from = scm_to_unsigned_integer (start, 0, len);
  if (SCM_UNBNDP (end))
    to = len;
  else
    to = scm_to_unsigned_integer (end, from, len);
  return scm_i_substring_shared (str, from, to);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_append, "string-append", 0, 0, 1, 
            (SCM args),
            "Return a newly allocated string whose characters form the\n"
            "concatenation of the given strings, @var{args}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_append
{
  SCM res;
  size_t len = 0;
  int wide = 0;
  SCM l, s;
  size_t i;
  union
  {
    char *narrow;
    scm_t_wchar *wide;
  } data;

  SCM_VALIDATE_REST_ARGUMENT (args);
  for (l = args; !scm_is_null (l); l = SCM_CDR (l))
    {
      s = SCM_CAR (l);
      SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (SCM_ARGn, s);
      len += scm_i_string_length (s);
      if (!scm_i_is_narrow_string (s))
        wide = 1;
    }
  data.narrow = NULL;
  if (!wide)
    res = scm_i_make_string (len, &data.narrow);
  else
    res = scm_i_make_wide_string (len, &data.wide);

  for (l = args; !scm_is_null (l); l = SCM_CDR (l))
    {
      size_t len;
      s = SCM_CAR (l);
      SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (SCM_ARGn, s);
      len = scm_i_string_length (s);
      if (!wide)
        {
          memcpy (data.narrow, scm_i_string_chars (s), len);
          data.narrow += len;
        }
      else
        {
          if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (s))
            {
              for (i = 0; i < scm_i_string_length (s); i++)
                data.wide[i] = (unsigned char) scm_i_string_chars (s)[i];
            }
          else
            u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) data.wide,
                     (scm_t_uint32 *) scm_i_string_wide_chars (s), len);
          data.wide += len;
        }
      scm_remember_upto_here_1 (s);
    }
  return res;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME



/* Charset conversion error handling.  */

SCM_SYMBOL (scm_encoding_error_key, "encoding-error");
SCM_SYMBOL (scm_decoding_error_key, "decoding-error");

/* Raise an exception informing that character CHR could not be written
   to PORT in its current encoding.  */
void
scm_encoding_error (const char *subr, int err, const char *message,
		    SCM port, SCM chr)
{
  scm_throw (scm_encoding_error_key,
	     scm_list_n (scm_from_locale_string (subr),
			 scm_from_locale_string (message),
			 scm_from_int (err),
			 port, chr,
			 SCM_UNDEFINED));
}

/* Raise an exception informing of an encoding error on PORT.  This
   means that a character could not be written in PORT's encoding.  */
void
scm_decoding_error (const char *subr, int err, const char *message, SCM port)
{
  scm_throw (scm_decoding_error_key,
	     scm_list_n (scm_from_locale_string (subr),
			 scm_from_locale_string (message),
			 scm_from_int (err),
			 port,
			 SCM_UNDEFINED));
}


/* String conversion to/from C.  */

SCM
scm_from_stringn (const char *str, size_t len, const char *encoding,
                  scm_t_string_failed_conversion_handler handler)
{
  size_t u32len, i;
  scm_t_wchar *u32;
  int wide = 0;
  SCM res;

  /* The order of these checks is important. */
  if (!str && len != 0)
    scm_misc_error ("scm_from_stringn", "NULL string pointer", SCM_EOL);
  if (len == (size_t) -1)
    len = strlen (str);
  if (len == 0)
    return scm_nullstr;

  if (encoding == NULL)
    {
      /* If encoding is null, use Latin-1.  */
      char *buf;
      res = scm_i_make_string (len, &buf);
      memcpy (buf, str, len);
      return res;
    }

  u32len = 0;
  u32 = (scm_t_wchar *) u32_conv_from_encoding (encoding,
                                                (enum iconv_ilseq_handler)
                                                handler,
                                                str, len,
                                                NULL,
                                                NULL, &u32len);

  if (SCM_UNLIKELY (u32 == NULL))
    {
      /* Raise an error and pass the raw C string as a bytevector to the `throw'
	 handler.  */
      SCM bv;
      signed char *buf;

      buf = scm_gc_malloc_pointerless (len, "bytevector");
      memcpy (buf, str, len);
      bv = scm_c_take_bytevector (buf, len);

      scm_decoding_error (__func__, errno,
			  "input locale conversion error", bv);
    }

  i = 0;
  while (i < u32len)
    if (u32[i++] > 0xFF)
      {
        wide = 1;
        break;
      }

  if (!wide)
    {
      char *dst;
      res = scm_i_make_string (u32len, &dst);
      for (i = 0; i < u32len; i ++)
        dst[i] = (unsigned char) u32[i];
      dst[u32len] = '\0';
    }
  else
    {
      scm_t_wchar *wdst;
      res = scm_i_make_wide_string (u32len, &wdst);
      u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) wdst, (scm_t_uint32 *) u32, u32len);
      wdst[u32len] = 0;
    }

  free (u32);
  return res;
}

SCM
scm_from_locale_string (const char *str)
{
  return scm_from_locale_stringn (str, -1);
}

SCM
scm_from_locale_stringn (const char *str, size_t len)
{
  const char *enc;
  scm_t_string_failed_conversion_handler hndl;
  SCM inport;
  scm_t_port *pt;

  inport = scm_current_input_port ();
  if (!SCM_UNBNDP (inport) && SCM_OPINPORTP (inport))
    {
      pt = SCM_PTAB_ENTRY (inport);
      enc = pt->encoding;
      hndl = pt->ilseq_handler;
    }
  else
    {
      enc = NULL;
      hndl = SCM_FAILED_CONVERSION_ERROR;
    }

  return scm_from_stringn (str, len, enc, hndl);
}

SCM
scm_from_latin1_string (const char *str)
{
  return scm_from_latin1_stringn (str, -1);
}

SCM
scm_from_latin1_stringn (const char *str, size_t len)
{
  char *buf;
  SCM result;

  if (len == (size_t) -1)
    len = strlen (str);

  /* Make a narrow string and copy STR as is.  */
  result = scm_i_make_string (len, &buf);
  memcpy (buf, str, len);

  return result;
}

SCM
scm_from_utf8_string (const char *str)
{
  return scm_from_utf8_stringn (str, -1);
}

SCM
scm_from_utf8_stringn (const char *str, size_t len)
{
  return scm_from_stringn (str, len, "UTF-8", SCM_FAILED_CONVERSION_ERROR);
}

SCM
scm_from_utf32_string (const scm_t_wchar *str)
{
  return scm_from_utf32_stringn (str, -1);
}

SCM
scm_from_utf32_stringn (const scm_t_wchar *str, size_t len)
{
  SCM result;
  scm_t_wchar *buf;

  if (len == (size_t) -1)
    len = u32_strlen ((uint32_t *) str);

  result = scm_i_make_wide_string (len, &buf);
  memcpy (buf, str, len * sizeof (scm_t_wchar));
  scm_i_try_narrow_string (result);

  return result;
}

/* Create a new scheme string from the C string STR.  The memory of
   STR may be used directly as storage for the new string.  */
/* FIXME: GC-wise, the only way to use the memory area pointed to by STR
   would be to register a finalizer to eventually free(3) STR, which isn't
   worth it.  Should we just deprecate the `scm_take_' functions?  */
SCM
scm_take_locale_stringn (char *str, size_t len)
{
  SCM res;

  res = scm_from_locale_stringn (str, len);
  free (str);

  return res;
}

SCM
scm_take_locale_string (char *str)
{
  return scm_take_locale_stringn (str, -1);
}

/* Change libunistring escapes (`\uXXXX' and `\UXXXXXXXX') in BUF, a
   *LENP-byte locale-encoded string, to `\xXX', `\uXXXX', or `\UXXXXXX'.
   Set *LENP to the size of the resulting string.

   FIXME: This is a hack we should get rid of.  See
   <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-libunistring/2010-09/msg00004.html>
   for details.  */
static void
unistring_escapes_to_guile_escapes (char *buf, size_t *lenp)
{
  char *before, *after;
  size_t i, j;

  before = buf;
  after = buf;
  i = 0;
  j = 0;
  while (i < *lenp)
    {
      if ((i <= *lenp - 6)
          && before[i] == '\\'
          && before[i + 1] == 'u'
          && before[i + 2] == '0' && before[i + 3] == '0')
        {
          /* Convert \u00NN to \xNN */
          after[j] = '\\';
          after[j + 1] = 'x';
          after[j + 2] = tolower ((int) before[i + 4]);
          after[j + 3] = tolower ((int) before[i + 5]);
          i += 6;
          j += 4;
        }
      else if ((i <= *lenp - 10)
               && before[i] == '\\'
               && before[i + 1] == 'U'
               && before[i + 2] == '0' && before[i + 3] == '0')
        {
          /* Convert \U00NNNNNN to \UNNNNNN */
          after[j] = '\\';
          after[j + 1] = 'U';
          after[j + 2] = tolower ((int) before[i + 4]);
          after[j + 3] = tolower ((int) before[i + 5]);
          after[j + 4] = tolower ((int) before[i + 6]);
          after[j + 5] = tolower ((int) before[i + 7]);
          after[j + 6] = tolower ((int) before[i + 8]);
          after[j + 7] = tolower ((int) before[i + 9]);
          i += 10;
          j += 8;
        }
      else
        {
          after[j] = before[i];
          i++;
          j++;
        }
    }
  *lenp = j;
}

/* Change libunistring escapes (`\uXXXX' and `\UXXXXXXXX') in BUF, a
   *LENP-byte locale-encoded string, to `\xXXXX;'.  Set *LEN to the size
   of the resulting string.  BUF must be large enough to handle the
   worst case when `\uXXXX' escapes (6 characters) are replaced by
   `\xXXXX;' (7 characters).  */
static void
unistring_escapes_to_r6rs_escapes (char *buf, size_t *lenp)
{
  char *before, *after;
  size_t i, j;
  /* The worst case is if the input string contains all 4-digit hex escapes.
     "\uXXXX" (six characters) becomes "\xXXXX;" (seven characters) */
  size_t max_out_len = (*lenp * 7) / 6 + 1;
  size_t nzeros, ndigits;

  before = buf;
  after = alloca (max_out_len);
  i = 0;
  j = 0;
  while (i < *lenp)
    {
      if (((i <= *lenp - 6) && before[i] == '\\' && before[i + 1] == 'u')
          || ((i <= *lenp - 10) && before[i] == '\\' && before[i + 1] == 'U'))
        {
          if (before[i + 1] == 'u')
            ndigits = 4;
          else if (before[i + 1] == 'U')
            ndigits = 8;
          else
            abort ();

          /* Add the R6RS hex escape initial sequence.  */
          after[j] = '\\';
          after[j + 1] = 'x';

          /* Move string positions to the start of the hex numbers.  */
          i += 2;
          j += 2;

          /* Find the number of initial zeros in this hex number.  */
          nzeros = 0;
          while (before[i + nzeros] == '0' && nzeros < ndigits)
            nzeros++;

          /* Copy the number, skipping initial zeros, and then move the string
             positions.  */
          if (nzeros == ndigits)
            {
              after[j] = '0';
              i += ndigits;
              j += 1;
            }
          else
            {
              int pos;
              for (pos = 0; pos < ndigits - nzeros; pos++)
                after[j + pos] = tolower ((int) before[i + nzeros + pos]);
              i += ndigits;
              j += (ndigits - nzeros);
            }

          /* Add terminating semicolon.  */
          after[j] = ';';
          j++;
        }
      else
        {
          after[j] = before[i];
          i++;
          j++;
        }
    }
  *lenp = j;
  memcpy (before, after, j);
}

char *
scm_to_locale_string (SCM str)
{
  return scm_to_locale_stringn (str, NULL);
}

char *
scm_to_locale_stringn (SCM str, size_t *lenp)
{
  SCM outport;
  scm_t_port *pt;
  const char *enc;

  outport = scm_current_output_port ();
  if (!SCM_UNBNDP (outport) && SCM_OPOUTPORTP (outport))
    {
      pt = SCM_PTAB_ENTRY (outport);
      enc = pt->encoding;
    }
  else
    enc = NULL;

  return scm_to_stringn (str, lenp, 
                         enc,
                         scm_i_get_conversion_strategy (SCM_BOOL_F));
}

char *
scm_to_latin1_string (SCM str)
{
  return scm_to_latin1_stringn (str, NULL);
}

char *
scm_to_latin1_stringn (SCM str, size_t *lenp)
#define FUNC_NAME "scm_to_latin1_stringn"
{
  char *result;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);

  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    {
      if (lenp)
	*lenp = scm_i_string_length (str);

      result = scm_strdup (scm_i_string_data (str));
    }
  else
    result = scm_to_stringn (str, lenp, NULL,
			     SCM_FAILED_CONVERSION_ERROR);

  return result;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

char *
scm_to_utf8_string (SCM str)
{
  return scm_to_utf8_stringn (str, NULL);
}

char *
scm_to_utf8_stringn (SCM str, size_t *lenp)
{
  return scm_to_stringn (str, lenp, "UTF-8", SCM_FAILED_CONVERSION_ERROR);
}

scm_t_wchar *
scm_to_utf32_string (SCM str)
{
  return scm_to_utf32_stringn (str, NULL);
}

scm_t_wchar *
scm_to_utf32_stringn (SCM str, size_t *lenp)
#define FUNC_NAME "scm_to_utf32_stringn"
{
  scm_t_wchar *result;

  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, str);

  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    result = (scm_t_wchar *)
      scm_to_stringn (str, lenp, "UTF-32",
		      SCM_FAILED_CONVERSION_ERROR);
  else
    {
      size_t len;

      len = scm_i_string_length (str);
      if (lenp)
	*lenp = len;

      result = scm_malloc ((len + 1) * sizeof (scm_t_wchar));
      memcpy (result, scm_i_string_wide_chars (str),
	      len * sizeof (scm_t_wchar));
      result[len] = 0;
    }

  return result;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

/* Return a malloc(3)-allocated buffer containing the contents of STR encoded
   according to ENCODING.  If LENP is non-NULL, set it to the size in bytes of
   the returned buffer.  If the conversion to ENCODING fails, apply the strategy
   defined by HANDLER.  */
char *
scm_to_stringn (SCM str, size_t *lenp, const char *encoding,
                scm_t_string_failed_conversion_handler handler)
{
  char *buf;
  size_t ilen, len, i;
  int ret;
  const char *enc;

  if (!scm_is_string (str))
    scm_wrong_type_arg_msg (NULL, 0, str, "string");
  ilen = scm_i_string_length (str);

  if (ilen == 0)
    {
      buf = scm_malloc (1);
      buf[0] = '\0';
      if (lenp)
        *lenp = 0;
      return buf;
    }

  if (lenp == NULL)
    for (i = 0; i < ilen; i++)
      if (scm_i_string_ref (str, i) == '\0')
        scm_misc_error (NULL,
                        "string contains #\\nul character: ~S",
                        scm_list_1 (str));

  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str) && (encoding == NULL))
    {
      /* If using native Latin-1 encoding, just copy the string
         contents.  */
      if (lenp)
        {
          buf = scm_malloc (ilen);
          memcpy (buf, scm_i_string_chars (str), ilen);
          *lenp = ilen;
          return buf;
        }
      else
        {
          buf = scm_malloc (ilen + 1);
          memcpy (buf, scm_i_string_chars (str), ilen);
          buf[ilen] = '\0';
          return buf;
        }
    }


  buf = NULL;
  len = 0;
  enc = encoding;
  if (enc == NULL)
    enc = "ISO-8859-1";
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (str))
    {
      ret = mem_iconveh (scm_i_string_chars (str), ilen,
                         "ISO-8859-1", enc,
                         (enum iconv_ilseq_handler) handler, NULL,
                         &buf, &len);

      if (ret != 0)
        scm_encoding_error (__func__, errno,
			    "cannot convert narrow string to output locale",
			    SCM_BOOL_F,
			    /* FIXME: Faulty character unknown.  */
			    SCM_BOOL_F);
    }
  else
    {
      buf = u32_conv_to_encoding (enc,
                                  (enum iconv_ilseq_handler) handler,
                                  (scm_t_uint32 *) scm_i_string_wide_chars (str),
                                  ilen,
                                  NULL,
                                  NULL, &len);
      if (buf == NULL)
        scm_encoding_error (__func__, errno,
			    "cannot convert wide string to output locale",
			    SCM_BOOL_F,
			    /* FIXME: Faulty character unknown.  */
			    SCM_BOOL_F);
    }
  if (handler == SCM_FAILED_CONVERSION_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE)
    {
      if (SCM_R6RS_ESCAPES_P)
	{
	  /* The worst case is if the input string contains all 4-digit
	     hex escapes.  "\uXXXX" (six characters) becomes "\xXXXX;"
	     (seven characters).  Make BUF large enough to hold
	     that.  */
	  buf = scm_realloc (buf, (len * 7) / 6 + 1);
	  unistring_escapes_to_r6rs_escapes (buf, &len);
	}
      else
        unistring_escapes_to_guile_escapes (buf, &len);

      buf = scm_realloc (buf, len);
    }
  if (lenp)
    *lenp = len;
  else
    {
      buf = scm_realloc (buf, len + 1);
      buf[len] = '\0';
    }

  scm_remember_upto_here_1 (str);
  return buf;
}

size_t
scm_to_locale_stringbuf (SCM str, char *buf, size_t max_len)
{
  size_t len;
  char *result = NULL;
  if (!scm_is_string (str))
    scm_wrong_type_arg_msg (NULL, 0, str, "string");
  result = scm_to_locale_stringn (str, &len);

  memcpy (buf, result, (len > max_len) ? max_len : len);
  free (result);

  scm_remember_upto_here_1 (str);
  return len;
}


/* Unicode string normalization.  */

/* This function is a partial clone of SCM_STRING_TO_U32_BUF from 
   libguile/i18n.c.  It would be useful to have this factored out into a more
   convenient location, but its use of alloca makes that tricky to do. */

static SCM 
normalize_str (SCM string, uninorm_t form)
{
  SCM ret;
  scm_t_uint32 *w_str;
  scm_t_wchar *cbuf;
  size_t rlen, len = scm_i_string_length (string);
  
  if (scm_i_is_narrow_string (string))
    {
      size_t i;
      const char *buf = scm_i_string_chars (string);
      
      w_str = alloca (sizeof (scm_t_wchar) * (len + 1));
      
      for (i = 0; i < len; i ++)
	w_str[i] = (unsigned char) buf[i];
      w_str[len] = 0;
    }
  else 
    w_str = (scm_t_uint32 *) scm_i_string_wide_chars (string);

  w_str = u32_normalize (form, w_str, len, NULL, &rlen);  
  
  ret = scm_i_make_wide_string (rlen, &cbuf);
  u32_cpy ((scm_t_uint32 *) cbuf, w_str, rlen);
  free (w_str);

  scm_i_try_narrow_string (ret);

  return ret;
}

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_normalize_nfc, "string-normalize-nfc", 1, 0, 0,
	    (SCM string),
	    "Returns the NFC normalized form of @var{string}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_normalize_nfc
{
  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, string);
  return normalize_str (string, UNINORM_NFC);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_normalize_nfd, "string-normalize-nfd", 1, 0, 0,
	    (SCM string),
	    "Returns the NFD normalized form of @var{string}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_normalize_nfd
{
  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, string);
  return normalize_str (string, UNINORM_NFD);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_normalize_nfkc, "string-normalize-nfkc", 1, 0, 0,
	    (SCM string),
	    "Returns the NFKC normalized form of @var{string}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_normalize_nfkc
{
  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, string);
  return normalize_str (string, UNINORM_NFKC);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

SCM_DEFINE (scm_string_normalize_nfkd, "string-normalize-nfkd", 1, 0, 0,
	    (SCM string),
	    "Returns the NFKD normalized form of @var{string}.")
#define FUNC_NAME s_scm_string_normalize_nfkd
{
  SCM_VALIDATE_STRING (1, string);
  return normalize_str (string, UNINORM_NFKD);
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

/* converts C scm_array of strings to SCM scm_list of strings. */
/* If argc < 0, a null terminated scm_array is assumed. */
SCM
scm_makfromstrs (int argc, char **argv)
{
  int i = argc;
  SCM lst = SCM_EOL;
  if (0 > i)
    for (i = 0; argv[i]; i++);
  while (i--)
    lst = scm_cons (scm_from_locale_string (argv[i]), lst);
  return lst;
}

/* Return a newly allocated array of char pointers to each of the strings
   in args, with a terminating NULL pointer.  */

char **
scm_i_allocate_string_pointers (SCM list)
#define FUNC_NAME "scm_i_allocate_string_pointers"
{
  char **result;
  int len = scm_ilength (list);
  int i;

  if (len < 0)
    scm_wrong_type_arg_msg (NULL, 0, list, "proper list");

  result = scm_gc_malloc ((len + 1) * sizeof (char *),
			  "string pointers");
  result[len] = NULL;

  /* The list might be have been modified in another thread, so
     we check LIST before each access.
   */
  for (i = 0; i < len && scm_is_pair (list); i++)
    {
      SCM str;
      size_t len;

      str = SCM_CAR (list);
      len = scm_c_string_length (str);

      result[i] = scm_gc_malloc_pointerless (len + 1, "string pointers");
      memcpy (result[i], scm_i_string_chars (str), len);
      result[i][len] = '\0';

      list = SCM_CDR (list);
    }

  return result;
}
#undef FUNC_NAME

void
scm_i_get_substring_spec (size_t len,
			  SCM start, size_t *cstart,
			  SCM end, size_t *cend)
{
  if (SCM_UNBNDP (start))
    *cstart = 0;
  else
    *cstart = scm_to_unsigned_integer (start, 0, len);

  if (SCM_UNBNDP (end))
    *cend = len;
  else
    *cend = scm_to_unsigned_integer (end, *cstart, len);
}
		  
#if SCM_ENABLE_DEPRECATED

/* When these definitions are removed, it becomes reasonable to use
   read-only strings for string literals.  For that, change the reader
   to create string literals with scm_c_substring_read_only instead of
   with scm_c_substring_copy.
*/

int
scm_i_deprecated_stringp (SCM str)
{
  scm_c_issue_deprecation_warning
    ("SCM_STRINGP is deprecated.  Use scm_is_string instead.");
  
  return scm_is_string (str);
}

char *
scm_i_deprecated_string_chars (SCM str)
{
  char *chars;

  scm_c_issue_deprecation_warning
    ("SCM_STRING_CHARS is deprecated.  See the manual for alternatives.");

  /* We don't accept shared substrings here since they are not
     null-terminated.
  */
  if (IS_SH_STRING (str))
    scm_misc_error (NULL,
		    "SCM_STRING_CHARS does not work with shared substrings",
		    SCM_EOL);

  /* We explicitly test for read-only strings to produce a better
     error message.
  */

  if (IS_RO_STRING (str))
    scm_misc_error (NULL,
		    "SCM_STRING_CHARS does not work with read-only strings",
		    SCM_EOL);

  /* The following is still wrong, of course...
   */
  str = scm_i_string_start_writing (str);
  chars = scm_i_string_writable_chars (str);
  scm_i_string_stop_writing ();
  return chars;
}

size_t
scm_i_deprecated_string_length (SCM str)
{
  scm_c_issue_deprecation_warning
    ("SCM_STRING_LENGTH is deprecated.  Use scm_c_string_length instead.");
  return scm_c_string_length (str);
}

#endif

static SCM
string_handle_ref (scm_t_array_handle *h, size_t index)
{
  return scm_c_string_ref (h->array, index);
}

static void
string_handle_set (scm_t_array_handle *h, size_t index, SCM val)
{
  scm_c_string_set_x (h->array, index, val);
}

static void
string_get_handle (SCM v, scm_t_array_handle *h)
{
  h->array = v;
  h->ndims = 1;
  h->dims = &h->dim0;
  h->dim0.lbnd = 0;
  h->dim0.ubnd = scm_c_string_length (v) - 1;
  h->dim0.inc = 1;
  h->element_type = SCM_ARRAY_ELEMENT_TYPE_CHAR;
  h->elements = h->writable_elements = NULL;
}

SCM_ARRAY_IMPLEMENTATION (scm_tc7_string, 0x7f,
                          string_handle_ref, string_handle_set,
                          string_get_handle)
SCM_VECTOR_IMPLEMENTATION (SCM_ARRAY_ELEMENT_TYPE_CHAR, scm_make_string)

void
scm_init_strings ()
{
  scm_nullstr = scm_i_make_string (0, NULL);

#include "libguile/strings.x"
}


/*
  Local Variables:
  c-file-style: "gnu"
  End:
*/